THE FREE RUSSIAN
ORTHODOX CHURCH:
A SHORT HISTORY
(1982-1998)
Vladimir Moss
Introduction
When the Soviet Union fell in 1991, the
second administration of the Soviet government, the Soviet Moscow
Patriarchate, continued to exist virtually unchanged, only changing its
political orientation from pro-communist to pro-democratic. At this time the
leadership of the healthy ecclesiastical forces opposed to the Moscow
Patriarchate (MP) inside Russia was assumed by the Free Russian Orthodox Church
(FROC). This article consists of a short history of the FROC and a canonical
justification of its independent existence.
1. Origins
The origins of the FROC go back to
January 5/18, 1981, when a priest of the Russian Catacomb Church, Fr. Lazarus
(Zhurbenko), was secretly received into the West European diocese of the
Russian Orthodox Church Abroad (ROCA) by Archbishop Anthony of Geneva and
Western Europe (ukaz no. 648/818/2). Shortly after this, in 1982,
another cleric of the West European diocese, Fr. Barnabas (Prokofiev), was
secretly consecrated as Bishop of Cannes and sent to Moscow, where he
consecrated Fr. Lazarus to the episcopate. The candidacy of Fr. Lazarus had
been put forward by the dissident MP priest, Fr. Demetrius Dudko, with whom
Archbishop Anthony had entered into correspondence.[1]
On August 1/14, 1990, the Chancellery of the ROCA decided to
throw some light on this secret consecration by issuing the following
statement: In 1982 his Eminence Anthony, Archbishop of Geneva and Western Europe,
together with his Eminence Mark, Bishop of Berlin and Germany, on the orders of
the Hierarchical Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, secretly
performed an episcopal consecration on Hieromonk Barnabas (Prokofiev), so that
through the cooperation of these archpastors the Church life of the Catacomb
Orthodox Church in Russia might be regulated. Since external circumstances no
longer compel either his Eminence Bishop Lazarus in Russia, or his Eminence
Bishop Barnabas in France to remain as secret Hierarchs of our Russian Church
Abroad, the Hierarchical Synod is now officially declaring this fact.[2]
This was an ominous phrase: so that... the Church life of the
Catacomb Orthodox Church in Russia might be regulated. No indication was given
as to why the life of the Catacomb Church needed regulating from abroad, nor
how it was proposed that this regulation should be accomplished (apart from the
consecration of a hierarch), nor whether the consent of the Catacomb Church to
such a regulation had been sought or received, nor what canonical right the
ROCA had to regulate the life of the Catacomb Church.[3]
In actual fact the consent of the Catacomb Church, was neither
asked nor given.
.[4]
Be that as it may, the ROCA now had the beginnings of a secret
hierarchy in the Soviet Union. This hierarchy began to act in the spring of
1990, when the first substantial signs of the collapse of Communism and a
measure of ecclesiastical freedom were becoming evident. Thus Bishop Lazarus
flew to New York, where his consecration was confirmed by the Synod of the
ROCA; and believers throughout Russia became aware that the ROCA had entered
into combat with the Moscow Patriarchate on Russian soil.
The first parish to leave the Moscow Patriarchate and officially
join the ROCA was that of St. Constantine the Great in Suzdal, Vladimir
province, whose pastor was Archimandrite Valentine (Rusantsov). As Fr. Valentine told the story: In the
Vladimir diocese I served as dean. I was a member of the diocesan administration,
was for a time diocesan secretary and had responsibility for receiving guests
in this diocese. And then I began to notice that I was being gradually, quietly
removed. Perhaps this happened because I very much disliked prayers with people
of other faiths. Its one thing to drink tea with guests, and quite another..
to pray together with them, while the guests, it has to be said, were of all
kinds: both Buddhists, and Muslims, and Satanists. I did not like these
ecumenical prayers, and I did not hide this dislike of mine.
And so at first they removed me from working with the guests,
and then deprived me of the post of secretary, and then excluded me from the
diocesan council. Once after my return from a trip abroad, the local hierarch
Valentine (Mishchuk) summoned me and said: Sit down and write a report for the
whole year about what foreigners were with you, what you talked about with
them, what questions they asked you and what answers you gave them. Why is
this necessary? Its just necessary, replied the bishop. I dont understand
where I am, Vladyko in the study of a hierarch or in the study of a KGB
operative? No, Ive never done this and never will do it. And remember that I
am a priest and not a stooge. Well if youre not going to do it, I will
transfer you to another parish.
And so the next day came the ukaz concerning my
transfer to the out-of-the-way place Pokrov. I was upset, but after all I had
to obey, it was a hierarchs ukaz. But suddenly something unexpected happened
my parishioners rebelled against this decision, people began to send letters
to the representatives of the authorities expressing their dissatisfaction with
my transfer: our parishioners even hired buses to go to the capital and
protest.
The patriarchate began to admonish them, suggested a good
batyushka, Demetrius Nyetsvetayev, who was constantly on trips abroad, in
exchange. We dont need your batyushka, said the parishioners, we know this
kind, today hell spy on foreigners, tomorrow on the unbelievers of Suzdal, and
then hell begin to reveal the secret of parishioners confessions. In
general, our parishioners just didnt accept Nyetsvetayev. They didnt even let
him into the church. The whole town was aroused, and the parishioners came to
me: Fr. Valentine, what shall we do? At that point I told them that I had
passed my childhood among the Tikhonites [Catacomb Christians], and that
there is a Tikhonite Church existing in exile. If we write to their
first-hierarch, Metropolitan Vitaly, and he accepts us will you agree to be
under his omophorion? The church people declared their agreement. However, this
attempt to remove me did not pass without a trace, I was in hospital as a
result of an attack of nerves. And so, at the Annunciation, I receive the news
that our parish had been received into the ROCA.[5]
On June 8/21, 1990, the feast of St. Theodore, the enlightener
of Suzdal, the ROCA hierarchs Mark of Berlin, Hilarion of Manhattan and Lazarus
of Tambov celebrated the first hierarchical liturgy in the St. Constantine
parish.[6]
Then, in February, 1991 Archimandrite Valentine was consecrated as Bishop of
Suzdal and Vladimir in Brussels by hierarchs of the ROCA. There now began a
rapid growth in the number of parishes joining the ROCA on Russian soil,
including many communities of the Catacomb Church. Most of these joined the
Suzdal diocese under Bishop Valentine, but many also joined the Tambov diocese
of Bishop Lazarus and the Kuban diocese of Bishop Benjamin. The ROCA inside
Russia was now called the Free Russian Orthodox Church (FROC).
2.
First Signs of Division
Now where truth and Christian piety flourishes the devil is
sure to interfere. And at this point he inspired certain hierarchs of the ROCA
to hinder the work of the FROC hierarchs by a series of anti-canonical actions.
In 1991 the Hierarchical Synod of the ROCA decided to organize
church life in Russia on the principle of non-territoriality. As Archbishop
Lazarus explained: The Hierarchical Synod decreed equal rights for us three
Russian hierarchs. If someone from the patriarchate wants to join Vladyka
Valentine please. If he wants to join Vladyka Benjamin or me please. So far
the division [of dioceses] is only conditional more exactly, Russia is in the
position of a missionary region. Each of us can receive parishes in any part of
the country. For the time being it is difficult to define the boundaries of
dioceses.[7]
This decision led to some conflicts between the FROC bishops,
but not serious ones. However, it was a different matter when bishops from
abroad began to interfere. As early as July, 1990 Archbishop Lazarus told the
present writer that if Archbishop Mark of Germany continued to interfere in
Russia he might be compelled to form an autonomous Church. But Archbishop Mark
did not stop. He ordained a priest for St. Petersburg, a Special German
deanery under the Monk Ambrose (von Sievers), who later founded his own Synod,
and in general acted as if Russia were an extension of the German diocese.
In November, 1991 a correspondent of a church bulletin asked
Bishop Valentine about Archbishop Marks role. The reply was carefully weighed:
When the situation in Russia was still in an embryonic stage, Archbishop Mark
with the agreement of the first-hierarch of the ROCA made various attempts to
build church life in Russia. One of Archbishop Marks experiments was the
special German deanery headed by Fr. Ambrose (Sievers). Now this is changing, insofar as the situation in the FROC has been
sufficiently normalized. From now on
not one hierarch will interfere in Russian affairs except, it goes
without saying, the three hierarchs of the FROC.[8]
In 1992, however, Archbishop Marks interference did not only
not cease, but became more intense, and was now directed particularly against
the most successful and prominent of the FROC hierarchs, Bishop Valentine. Thus
while calling for official negotiations with the Moscow Patriarchate[9],
Mark called on believers in a publicly distributed letter to distance
yourselves from Bishop Valentine of the Suzdal and Vladimir diocese of the Free
Russian Orthodox Church, described the clergy in obedience to Bishop Valentine
as wolves in sheeps clothing, and told them to turn instead to Fr. Sergius Perekrestov
(a priest who was later defrocked for adultery before leaving the FROC). A
priest of the Moscow Patriarchate interpreted this letter to mean that the ROCA
had turned its back on the Suzdal diocese of the FROC.[10]
In a letter to Metropolitan Vitaly dated December 25, 1992,
Bishop Valentine complained that Archbishop Marks attacks against him had been
distributed, not only to members of the Synod, but also to laypeople and even
in churches of the Moscow Patriarchate. And he went on: On the basis of the
above positions I have the right to confirm that after my consecration to the
episcopate his Eminence Vladyka Mark did everything to cause a quarrel between
me and their Eminences Archbishop Lazarus and Bishop Benjamin
It is interesting that when their Eminences Archbishop
Lazarus and Bishop Benjamin, by virtue of the Apostolic canons and their
pastoral conscience, adopted, with me, a principled position on the question of
his Eminence Archbishop Marks claims to administer Russian parishes, the
latter simply dismissed the two hierarchs as being incapable of administration
Then Archbishop Mark began to accuse me of lifting everything under myself
like a bulldozer. Therefore his Eminence Mark chose a different tactic. He
wrote a letter to Kaliningrad, calling me a wolf in sheeps clothing, and
this letter was read out from the ambon in the churches of the Moscow
patriarchate.
Yesterday I was told that his Eminence Archbishop Mark sent a
fax to the Synod insistently recommending that his Eminence Barnabas not be
recalled from Moscow until a church trial had been carried out on Valentine.
What trial, for what? For everything that I have done, for all my labours? Does
not putting me on trial mean they want to put you, too, on trial? Does this not
mean that it striking me with their fist they get at you with their elbow?[11]
The reference to Bishop Barnabas is explained as follows. In
February, 1992 he had been sent to Moscow as superior of the community of SS.
Martha and Mary in Moscow, which was designated the Synodal podvorye.
Then, on August 3, he organized a conference of the clergy with the aim of
organizing the Moscow diocesan organization of our Church. The conference was
attended by more than ten clergy from Moscow and other parts of Russia. In his
speech before the participants Vladyka pointed out the necessity of creating a
diocesan administration which would unite all the parishes of the FROC in
Moscow and Moscow region, and also those parishes in other regions of Russia
which wanted to unite with this diocesan administration.[12]
At the diocesan conference
a diocesan council was elected, containing three
members of the National Patriotic Front, Pamyat, as representatives of
the laity.[13]
This was a double blow to the FROC. First, the appointment of
a foreign bishop with almost unlimited powers in Russia was a direct affront to
the attempts of the Russian bishops to prevent foreign interference in their
dioceses. The encroachment of the foreign bishops on the canonical rights of
the Russian bishops was becoming increasingly scandalous. (According to the
holy canons (8th of the 3rd Ecumenical Council, 9th
of Antioch, 64th and 67th of Carthage) no bishop can
encroach on the territory of another bishop or perform any sacramental action
in it without his permission.) Secondly, Bishop Barnabas open endorsement of
the fascist organization Pamyat, which organized provocative
demonstrations and even an attack on the offices of Moskovskij Komsomolets,
scandalized church opinion both in Russia and outside.
On October 25 / November 7, 1992, Metropolitan Vitaly and the
Synod of the ROCA acted to distance themselves from the activities of Bishop
Barnabas, sending Bishop Hilarion and Fr. Victor Potapov to Moscow to express
the official position of the ROCA at a press conference; which duly took place
on November 13. However, in February, 1993, at a meeting of the Synod in New
York, it was decided to reject this press-conference as provocative and to
praise one of the pro-fascist priests, Fr. Alexis Averyanov, for his fruitful
work with Pamyat, bestowing on him an award for his stand for
righteousness. Moreover, no action was taken against Bishop Barnabas, while
Fr. Victor was forbidden to undertake any ecclesiastical or public activity in
Russia.[14]
The year 1993 brought no relief for the beleagured FROC
bishops from their foreign brothers. Thus when the large and prosperous parish
of the MP in Naginsk under its very popular pastor, Archimandrite Adrian, applied
to come under the omophorion of Bishop Valentine, and was accepted by
him on January 18, Bishop Barnabas interfered and suggested they come under his omophorion which offer was
politely but firmly turned down. At the same time the MP circulated an accusation
- signed by a woman but with no other indication of time, place or names of
witnesses of the supposed crime - that Archimandrite Adrian had raped one altar
boy and had had improper relations with another. This accusation turned out to
be completely fabricated the raped altar boy wrote a letter of apology to
Fr. Adrian and the letter was accepted by the prosecutor in the criminal court.
Both youngsters were then sued for stealing icons
In spite of this, Bishop Barnabas, without any kind of investigation
or trial, suspended the archimandrite and wanted to depose Bishop Valentine for
accepting such a pervert into his diocese. The Russian newspapers pointed out
that Bishop Barnabas seemed to be partially supporting the patriarchate in the
struggle for this parish in which, as Bishop Gregory (Grabbe) pointed out,
the KGB appeared also to be operating.[15]
Nevertheless, several ROCA bishops wanted to proceed with defrocking Bishop
Valentine; but the decision was made to retire him instead on grounds of his
ill-health a completely uncanonical decision since neither had Bishop
Valentine petitioned for his retirement nor had the ROCA bishops investigated
his state of health.
But worse was to come. Bishop Barnabas wrote to Metropolitan
Vladimir (Romanyuk) of the uncanonical Ukrainian Autocephalous Church seeking
to enter into communion with him, and followed this up by visiting him in Kiev.
The Moscow Patriarchate gleefully displayed this letter as proof of the ROCAs
incompetence, and it was only with the greatest difficulty (and delay) that the
Synod, spurred on by Fr. Victor and Bishop Gregory (Grabbe) outside Russia, and
by Bishop Valentine inside Russia, began to extricate themselves from this
scandal.
A recent publication summed up Bishop Barnabas contribution
to Russian Church life in this year: In the shortest time [he] introduced the
completest chaos[16] into the
life of the Free Church, which was beginning to be reborn. This representative
of the Synod began, above the heads of the Diocesan Bishops of the Free Church
in Russia, and in violation of the basic canonical rules, to receive into his
jurisdiction clerics who had been banned from serving by them, to carry out
ordinations in their dioceses without their knowledge, and finally was not
ashamed to demand, at the Council in 1993, that he should be given rights to
administer all the parishes of the Free
Church in Russia![17]
This request was not granted by the Council, the more so in that it learned
that the empowered representative of the Synod of the Russian Church Abroad in
Moscow, on writing-paper of the Hierarchical Synod, wrote a petition to the Locum
Tenens of the Kievan Patriarchal Throne, Metropolitan Vladimir (Romanyuk),
in which it said that the traitrous Muscovite scribblers hired by the Moscow
Patriarchate are trying to trample into the mud the authority of the Russian
Church Abroad. In this connection: we beseech you, Your Eminence, through the
Kievan Patriarchate headed by you, to give our ecclesiastical activity a juridical
base and receive us into brotherly communion. Extraordinary as it may seem,
the Council did not consider it necessary to defrock its representative, and it
was put to him that he should set off for the Holy Land for a mere three months
without right of serving which, however, he did not carry out. This shameful
letter was widely distributed by the Moscow Patriarchate, while the
Patriarchal Locum Tenens, delighted by this prospect, invited the
First-Hierarch of the Church Abroad to visit Kiev in written form. This letter
was also widely distributed.[18]
This was clear evidence, if further evidence were needed, that
the interference of foreign bishops in the affairs of the Free Russian Orthodox
Church had to be drastically curbed, and that the canonical rights of the FROC
bishops to rule their own dioceses without inteference from the centre
(several thousand miles away from Russia!) had to be unequivocally strengthened
and protected.
However, a letter dated October 2, 1992 from Archbishop Mark
to Protopriest Michael Artsumovich of Meudon gave equally clear evidence, if
further evidence was needed, that this ROCA hierarch at any rate neither
intended to protect the rights of the Russian bishops nor in any way respected
either them or their flock: We are receiving [from the MP] by no means the
best representatives of the Russian Church. Basically, these are people who
know little or nothing about the Church Abroad. And in those cases in which
someone possesses some information, it must be doubtful that he is in general
in a condition to understand it in view of his own mendacity and the mendacity
of his own situation. In receiving priests from the Patriarchate, we receive
with them a whole series of inadequacies and vices of the MP itself
The real
Catacomb Church no longer exists. It in fact disappeared in the 1940s or the
beginning of the 1950s
Only individual people have been preserved from it, and
in essence everything that has arisen since is only pitiful reflections, and
people take their desires for reality. Those who poured into this stream in the
1950s and later were themselves infected with Soviet falsehood, and they partly
and involuntarily - participate in it themselves, that is, they enter the
category of what we call homo sovieticus
In Russia, consequently, there
cannot be a Russian Church because it is all based on Soviet man
I think it is
more expedient to seek allies for ourselves among those elements that are pure
or striving for canonical purity both in the depths of the Moscow Patriarchate
and in the other Local Churches especially in Serbia or even Greece
We will
yet be able to deliver ourselves from that impurity
which we have now received from the Moscow Patriarchate, and again start on the
path of pure Orthodoxy
It is evident that we must
try and undertake the russification of Soviet man and the
Soviet church
[19]
Archbishop Mark gave himself away in this shocking and
insulting letter: disdain for the pitiful and supposedly long-dead Catacomb
Church, disgust with the impure, Soviet Free Russian Church, admiration for
the purity of the apostate churches of World Orthodoxy with their Masonic
and KGB-agent hierarchs. As for the remark by an ethnic German - about the
russification of the Russian Church, the reaction in the heart of Holy Russia
was one of understandable dismay...
3.
The First Separation
Archbishop Mark wanted to rid himself of the impurity of the
Free Russian Church; he was soon to achieve his aim. For on April 14/27, 1993
Archbishop Lazarus wrote to the Synod that on the basis of ukaz no. 362
of his Holiness Patriarch Tikhon he considered the decisions of the Synod to be
not obligatory for execution for the True Orthodox Catacomb Church. But, he
insisted, he was not breaking communion with the ROCA. As a result of this, without consulting
either him or his diocese, the ROCA retired him, and the administration of his
parishes was transferred to Metropolitan Vitaly.
At this point the first signs of serious dissent with the
ROCAs politics in Russia in the ranks of the ROCAs episcopate appeared in the
person of Bishop Gregory (Grabbe), the foremost canonist of the ROCA and a man
of enormous experience in church matters, having been at the very heart of the
ROCAs administration from 1931 until his forced retirement by Metropolitan
Vitaly in 1986. In an emergency report to the Synod dated May 16/29, after
sharply criticizing the unjust and uncanonical actions of the Synod, he said:
As a consequence of this Archbishop Lazarus has already left us. And Bishop
Valentines patience is already being tried. If he, too, will not bear the
temptation, what will we be left with? Will his flock in such a situation want
to leave with him? Will not it also rebel?
For claritys sake I must begin with an examination of
certain matters brought up at the expanded session of the Synod which took
place in Munich.
A certain tension was noticeable there in spite of the
external calmness. It turned out that behind the scenes a suspicious attitude
towards Bishop Valentine had arisen. Already after the closing of the Synod I
learned that several members of the Synod had been shown a document containing
accusations of transgressions of the laws of morality against Bishop Valentine.
The President of the Synod did not have this document during the sessions but
only at the end. It was then that I, too, received a copy of the denunciation
from Archbishop Mark, who was given it by Bishop Barnabas, who evidently did
not know how to deal with such objects according to the Church canons. I
involuntarily ascribed the unexpected appearance of such a document amidst the
members of the Synod to the action of some communist secret agents and to the
inexperience of Bishop Barnabas in such matters.
The caution of the Church authorities in relation to similar
accusations in the time of troubles after the persecutions was ascribed to the
74th Apostolic canon, the 2nd canon of the 1st
Ecumenical Council and especially to the 6th canon of the 2nd
Ecumenical Council. At that time the heretics were multiplying their intrigues
against the Orthodox hierarchs. The above-mentioned canons indicate that
accusations hurled by less than two or three witnesses who were, besides,
faithful children of the Church and accusers worthy of trust were in no way
to be accepted
Did they apply such justice and caution when they judged
Bishop Valentine, and were ready without any investigation to .. defrock him
for receiving Archimandrite Adrian? And were the accusations hurled at the
latter really seriously examined?
Beginning with the processing, contrary to the canons, of the
accusations against Bishop Valentine on the basis of the single complaint of a
person known to none of us[20],
the Sobor was already planning to defrock him without any kind of due process,
until the argument of his illness turned up. But here, too, they failed to
consider that this required his own petition and a check to ascertain the
seriousness of his illness. The intention was very simple: just get rid of a
too active Bishop. They didnt think of the fate of his parishes, which exist
on his registration. Without him they would lose it.
While we, in the absence of the accused and, contrary to the
canons, without his knowledge, were deciding the fate of the Suzdal diocese,
Vladyka Valentine received three more parishes. Now he has 63. Taking into
account Archimandrite Adrian with his almost 10,000 people, we are talking
about approximately twenty thousand
souls.
The question arises: in
whose interests is it to destroy what the papers there call the centre of the
Church Abroad in Russia?
The success of Bishop Valentines mission has brought
thousands of those being saved into our Church, but now this flock is condemned
to widowhood and the temptation of having no head only because he turned out
not to be suitable to some of our Bishops
[21]
It was in this highly charged atmosphere, with their bishop
forcibly and uncanonically retired and the registration of all their parishes
hanging by a thread, that the annual diocesan conference of the Suzdal diocese
took place from June 9/22 to 11/24. It was also attended by priests
representing Archbishop Lazarus and Bishop Benjamin. Hieromonk Agathangelus
read out a letter from Archbishop Lazarus in which he declared that although he
had considered the actions of the ROCA in Russia to be uncanonical, he had
tolerated them out of brotherly love, but was now forced to speak out against
them, for they were inflicting harm on the Church. First, the ROCA did not have
the right to form its own parishes in Russia insofar as the Catacomb Church,
which had preserved the succession of grace of the Mother Church, continued to
exist on her territory. Therefore it was necessary only to strengthen the
catacomb communities and expand them through an influx of new believers.
Secondly, the hierarchs of the ROCA had been acting in a spirit far from
brotherly love, for they had been treating their brothers, the hierarchs of the
FROC, as second-class Vladykas: they received clergy who had been banned by the
Russian Vladykas, brought clergy of other dioceses to trial, removed bans
placed by the Russian hierarchs without their knowledge or agreement, and
annulled other decisions of theirs (for example, Metropolitan Vitaly forbade an
inspection to be carried out in the parish of Fr. Sergius Perekrestov of St.
Petersburg). Thirdly, the ROCA hierarchs were far from Russia and did not
understand the situation, so they could not rightly administer the Russian
parishes. Thus the Synod removed the title Administering the affairs of the
FROC from all the hierarchs except Bishop Barnabas, which forced the dioceses
to re-register with the authorities - although, while a new registration was
being carried out, the parishes could lose their right to ownership of the
churches and other property. Moreover re-registration was almost impossible,
insofar as it required the agreement of an expert consultative committee
attached to the Supreme Soviet, which contained hierarchs of the Moscow
Patriarchate. Fourthly, the ROCA hierarchs had been inconsistent in their
actions, which aroused the suspicion that their actions were directed, not by
the Holy Spirit, but by forces foreign to the Church.[22]
Archbishop Lazarus concluded by calling for the formation of a True Orthodox
Catacomb Church that was administratively separate from, but in communion with,
the ROCA, on the basis of Patriarch Tikhons ukaz no. 362, which had
never been annulled.
At the end of the conference it was decided that the Suzdal
diocese would follow Archbishop Lazarus example in separating administratively
from the ROCA while retaining communion in prayer with it. Bishop Valentine
expressed the hope that this would be only a temporary measure
[23]
Some FROC priests notably Protopriest Lev Lebedev of Kursk
while fully agreeing that the ROCA bishops had committed uncanonical acts on
Russian soil, nevertheless began to express the view that the actions of the
FROC bishops had been hasty and were justified only in the case that the ROCA
had fallen away from Orthodoxy, which, as everyone agreed, had not yet taken
place. However, Bishop Gregory (Grabbe) adopted a quite different position. He
pointed out that the claims of the ROCA to rule
as opposed to help the Church in
Russia contradicted the ROCAs own fundamental Statute:-
For decades we living abroad have commemorated the Orthodox
Episcopate of the Persecuted Church of Russia. But in our last Sobor we
removed from the litanies and the prayer for the salvation of Russia the word
persecuted, witnessing thereby that we already officially consider that the
persecutions on the Russian Church have ceased.
And indeed, our parishes in Russia are now harried in places,
but basically they have complete freedom of action, in particular if they do
not lay claim to receive any old church, which the Moscow Patriarchate then
tries to snatch. However it does not always succeed in this. Thus the huge
Theophany cathedral in Noginsk (with all the buildings attached to it)
according to the courts decision remain with our diocese
In other words, we can say that if there is willingness on
our side we now have every opportunity of setting in order the complete
regeneration of the Russian Orthodox Church in our Fatherland.
The very first paragraph of the Statute on the Russian
Church Abroad says:
The Russian Orthodox Church Abroad is an indivisible part of the Russian Local Church
TEMPORARILY self-governing on conciliar principles UNTIL THE REMOVAL OF THE
ATHEIST POWER in Russia in accordance with the resolution of the holy Patriarch
Tikhon, the Holy Synod and the Higher Ecclesiastical Council of the Russian
Church of November 7/20, 1920 no. 362 (emphasis mine, B. G.).
If we now lead the Russian Hierarch to want to break their
administrative links with the Church Abroad, then will not our flock abroad
finally ask us: what Episcopate of the Russian Church are we still praying
for in our churches? But if we took these words out of the litanies, them we
would only be officially declaring that we are no longer a part of the Russian
Church.
Will we not then enter upon a very dubious canonical path of
autonomous existence, but now without a Patriarchal blessing and outside the
Russian Church, a part of which we have always confessed ourselves to be? Will
not such a step lead us to a condition of schism in the Church Abroad itself,
and, God forbid, to the danger of becoming a sect?..
It is necessary for us to pay very careful attention to and
get to know the mood revealed in our clergy in the Suzdal diocese, so as on our
part to evaluate the mood in which our decisions about the Church in Russia
could be received by them.
But will we not see then that it is one thing when the Church
Abroad gives help to the Russian
Church through the restoration in it of a canonical hierarchy, but something
else entirely when we lay claims to rule
the WHOLE of Russia from abroad, which was in no way envisaged by even one
paragraph of the Statute of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, nor by one of
our later resolutions?[24]
On October 20 / November 2 (i.e. over eighteen months since
the scandals erupted), the Synod decided to withdraw Bishop Barnabas from
Russia and to place all his parishes in the jurisdiction of Metropolitan Vitaly
(who, throughout the 1990s, has not set foot once on Russian soil, in spite of
numerous invitations).[25]
All the parishes of the ROCA in Siberia, Ukraine and Belarus were to be
entrusted to Bishop Benjamin.[26]
On March 8/21, 1994, in a
conference taking place in Suzdal, Bishop Valentine said: On June 10/23, 1993
in Suzdal there took place a diocesan congress in which resolutions were taken
and an Address was sent to the Synod indicating the transgressions, by the
above-mentioned Hierarchs, of the Apostolic Canons and decrees of the Fathers
of the Church, of the Ecumenical and Local Councils. At the same time they
asked that his Grace Bishop Barnabas be recalled, and that Archbishop Mark should
ask forgiveness of the clergy and the Russian people for his humiliation of
their honour and dignity. If our request were ignored, the whole weight of
responsibility would lie on the transgressors of the Church canons. But so far
there has been no reply.
We sent the Resolution of the clergy, monastics and laypeople
warning that if there continued to be transgressions of the Apostolic Canons
and Conciliar Resolutions on the part of the Hierarchs, with the connivance of
the Hierarchical Synod, the whole responsibility would lie as a heavy burden on
the transgressors. The Synod did not
reply.
Together with his Eminence Archbishop Lazarus and the members
of the Diocesan Councils I sent an address to the Synod in which their
attention was drawn to the wily intrigues on the part of those who wished us
ill, and asked that the situation be somehow corrected, placing our hopes on
Christian love and unity of mind, which help to overcome human infirmities. But
in the same address we laid out in very clear fashion our determination that if
the Hierarchical Synod did not put an end to the deliberate transgressions, we
would be forced to exist independently, in accordance with the holy Patriarch
Tikhons ukaz no. 362 of November 7/20, 1920, in the interests of the
purity of Orthodoxy and the salvation of our Russian flock. The reply consisted
in Vladyka Metropolitan threatening a ban.
I sent a letter to Metropolitan Vitaly in which I besought
him earnestly to confirm my status before the Ministry of Justice of the
Russian Federation, so that the Suzdal Diocesan Administration should not lose
its registration. This time the reply was swift, only not to the Diocesan
Administration, but to the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation under
the signature of Bishop Barnabas, saying that the Russian Hierarchs were no
longer Administering the affairs of the FROC, and that this duty was laid upon
him. As a result I and the member of my Diocesan Council began visiting office
after office, a process that lasted many months.
It is difficult for you to imagine how much labour we had to
expend, how many written bureaucratical demands we had to fulfil, in order to
get our Regulations re-registered. If I had not undertaken this, all the
churches would automatically have been taken out of registration and then,
believe me, the Moscow Patriarchate would not have let go such a juicy
morsel.[27]
After hearing more speeches in the same vein, including one
from Archbishop Lazarus, the Congress made the following decisions: 1. To form
a Temporary Higher Church Administration (THCA) of the Russian Orthodox Church,
which, without claiming to be the highest Church authority in Russia, would
have as its final aim the convening of a Free All-Russian Local Council that
would have such authority. 2. To elect and consecrate new bishops. 3. To
declare their gratitude to the ROCA and Metropolitan Vitaly, whose name would
continue to be commemorated in Divine services, since they wished to remain in
communion of prayer with them. 4. To express the hope that the Hierarchical
Synod would recognize the THCA and the consecrations performed by it.
One of the members of the Congress, Elena Fateyevna Shipunova,
declared: It is now completely obvious that the subjection of the Russian
dioceses to the Synod Abroad contradicts the second point of Ukaz no.
362. The Russian Church is faced directly with the necessity of moving to
independent administration in accordance with this Ukaz. After the
sergianist schism Metropolitan Cyril of Kazan called for such a move,
considering Ukaz no. 362 as the only possible basis of Church
organization. Incidentally, Metropolitan Cyril also indicated to Metropolitan
Sergius Stragorodsky that he had to follow Ukaz no. 362 instead of
usurping ecclesiastical power. Metropolitan Cyril and the other
bishop-confessors tried to organize the administration of the Russian Church on
the basis of this Ukaz, but they couldnt do this openly. Now for the
first time the Russian Church has the opportunity to do this. We could say that
this is an historical moment. The Temporary Higher Church Administration that
has been created is the first legal one in Russia since the time of the
sergianist schism. The Centre of Church
power ceased its existence after the death of Metropolitan Peter more than half
a century ago, but we have not yet arrived at the Second All-Russian Council
which has the power to re-establish Central Church power.[28]
On March 9/22 the THCA, which now contained three new bishops:
Theodore of Borisovsk, Seraphim of Sukhumi and Agathangelus of Simferopol,
together with many clergy, monastics and laity, informed Metropolitan Vitaly
and the Synod of the ROCA of their decision.
On March 23 / April 5 the Synod of the ROCA rejected this declaration
and the new consecrations, and decided to break communion in prayer with the
newly formed Autonomous Church, but without imposing any bans.[29]
In this decision the ROCA Synod called itself the Central Church authority of
the Russian Church, which contradicted both its own Fundamental Statute and the
simple historical fact that, as the FROC bishops pointed out, since the death
of Metropolitan Peter in 1937 the Russian Church has had no Central Church
authority.[30]
Then, in order to strengthen the ROCAs hand in the coming
struggle with the FROC, Archimandrite Eutyches (Kurochkin) was consecrated
Bishop of Ishim and Siberia on July 11/24.[31]
Bishop Gregory (Grabbe), however, who had not been admitted to
the sessions of the ROCA Synod, fully approved of the actions of the Russian
Hierarchs in a letter to Bishop Valentine dated March 24 / April 6. And on the
same day he wrote the following to Metropolitan Vitaly: We have brought the
goal of the possible regeneration of the Church in Russia to the most
undesirable possible end. Tormented by envy and malice, certain of our bishops
have influenced the whole course of our church politics in Russia. As a
consequence of this, our Synod has not understood the meaning of the mission of
our existence abroad.
As I warned the Synod in my last report, we have done
absolutely everything possible to force the Russian bishops to separate from us
administratively. They have had to proceed from Resolution no. 362 of Patriarch
Tikhon of November 7/20, 1920 in order to avoid the final destruction of the
just-begun regeneration of our Church in our Fatherland. But our Synod, having
nothing before its eyes except punitive tactics, proceeds only on the basis of
a normalized church life. Whereas the Patriarchs Resolution had in mind the
preservation of the Churchs structure in completely unprecedented historical
and ecclesiastical circumstances.
The ukaz was composed for various cases, including
means for the re-establishment of the Churchs Administration even in
conditions of its abolition (see article 9) and the extreme disorganization of
Church life. This task is placed before every surviving hierarch, on condition
that he is truly Orthodox.
The Russian Hierarchs felt themselves to be in this position
when, for two years running, their inquiries and requests to provide support
against the oppression of the Moscow Patriarchate were met with complete
silence on the part of our Synod.
Seeing the canonical chaos produced in their dioceses by
Bishop Barnabas, and the Synods silent collusion with him, the Russian
Hierarchs came to the conclusion that there was no other way of avoiding the
complete destruction of the whole enterprise but their being led by the
Patriarchs Resolution no. 362.
Our Synod unlawfully retired Bishop Valentine for his
reception of a huge parish in Noginsk,.. but did not react to the fact that
Bishop Barnabas had in a treacherous manner disgraced the Synod, in whose name he
petitioned to be received into communion with the Ukrainian self-consecrators!
I dont know whether the full text of Resolution no. 362 has
been read at the Synod. I myself formerly paid little attention to it, but now,
having read it, I see that the Russian Hierarchs have every right to cite it,
and this fact will come to the surface in the polemic that will inevitably take
place now. I fear that by its decisions the Synod has already opened the path
to this undesirable polemic, and it threatens to create a schism not only in
Russia, but also with us here
There are things which it is impossible to stop, and it is
also impossible to escape the accomplished fact. If our Synod does not now
correctly evaluate the historical moment that has taken place, then its already
profoundly undermined prestige (especially in Russia) will be finally and
ingloriously destroyed.
All the years of the existence of the Church Abroad we have
enjoyed respect for nothing else than our uncompromising faithfulness to the
canons. They hated us, but they did not dare not to respect us. But now we have
shown the whole Orthodox world that the canons are for us an empty sound, and
we have become a laughing-stock in the eyes of all those who have even the
least relationship to Church affairs.
You yourself, at the Synod in Lesna, allowed yourself to say
that for us, the participants in it, it was now not the time to examine the
canons, but we had to act quickly. You, who are at the helm of the ship of the
Church, triumphantly, before the whole Sobor, declared to us that we should now
hasten to sail without a rudder and without sails. At that time your words
greatly disturbed me, but I, knowing your irritability with me for insisting on
the necessity of living according to the canons, nevertheless hoped that all
was not lost yet and that our Bishops would somehow shake off the whole of this
nightmare of recent years.
Think, Vladyko, of the tens of thousands of Orthodox people
both abroad and in Russia who have been deceived by us. Do not calm yourself
with the thought that if guilt lies somewhere, then it lies equally on all of
our hierarchs. The main guilt will lie on you as the leader of our Sobor
[32]
Unfortunately, however, Metropolitan Vitaly was beginning to
show the same kind of condescending and contemptuous attitude to the Russian
flock which had suffered so much in its struggle for the faith, as Archbishop
Mark had been demonstrating for some time. Thus in one letter to Bishop
Valentine, after rebuking him for receiving the supposedly homosexual
Archimandrite Adrian, he wrote: We understand that, living in the Soviet Union
for these 70 years of atheist rule, such a deep seal of Sovietism and of
departure from right thinking has penetrated into the world-view of the Russian
people that you, too, were involuntarily caught up by the spirit of this wave
[33]
Perhaps this was the reason why he and his Synod now proceeded to dispense with
the Russian bishops without even the semblance of canonical order as if they
were so much Soviet filth, and attempted to rule the flock they so distrusted
in the most hands off manner possible - from several thousand miles away,
declaring that the Centre of Ecclesiastical Administration for the whole of the
vast Russian Church resided in an old man in New York who had never set foot on
Russian soil!
4.
The Second Separation.
In spite of receiving no
reply to their repeated requests that the ROCA Synod re-establish canonical
order in Russia, Archbishop Lazarus and Bishop Valentine accepted an invitation
from Abbess Macrina of Lesna monastery not, significantly, from the Synod or
any individual hierarch to go to the Lesna Sobor of the ROCA in November,
1994. Here, in spite of a very cold reception, - both of us, as Bishop
Valentine later wrote, were in fact isolated from the Hierarchical Sobor and
its acts - they asked forgiveness and were again received into communion.[34]
None of the outstanding issues dividing the two sides were discussed at that
time, but the Russian bishops did manage to ask Bishop Hilarion for
explanations of two things that worried them: the ROCAs entering into
communion with the Greek Old Calendarist Metropolitan Cyprian of Fili (which
Bishop Gregory (Grabbe) had strongly protested against), and its forthcoming
negotiations (at Archbishop Marks insistence) with members of the Moscow
Patriarchate.
Then they were invited to
join the Sobor. However, as they crossed the threshold of the monastery church
where the Sobor was in session, the Russian bishops were handed an Act
Bishop Valentine later called it an Act of capitulation which had already
been signed by all the ROCA bishops and which the two Russian bishops were now
told to sign.[35] When we
had cursorily looked through this Act, writes Bishop Valentine, I began to
protest, to which Archbishop Mark said that if we didnt want peace and did not
want to sign, we could leave the hall. Vladyka Valentine said that both sides
had to participate in drawing up such an act, after which Bishop Hilarion,
deputy secretary of the Synod, promised that they would edit the act, taking
into account our remarks and suggestions. Then Archbishop Lazarus agreed to
sign, and Bishop Valentine, though unwilling to sign, did not want to create a
schism among the Russian bishops by not following the lead of his senior,
Archbishop Lazarus. So they both signed. Two hours later, overcome by the
extreme tension of the occasion, Bishop Valentine suffered a heart attack and
was rushed to a hospital in Paris, where he was placed in intensive care.
While Vladyka Valentine was
still in hospital and in a very weak condition, two ROCA bishops came to him,
gave him communion and asked him to sign two more documents (he does not
remember what was in those documents). On returning to Lesna, Vladyka offered a
second variant of the Act to Vladyka Lazarus. Lazarus did not want to sign this
second variant, but he suggested to Vladyka Valentine that he sign in the
capacity of his deputy. So Valentine signed his own variant of the Act and gave
copies of it to both Vladyka Lazarus and the ROCA Synod.[36]
Bishop Eutyches later witnessed that Bishop Valentines proposed changes to the
original Act were not accepted by the other bishops at the Sobor.[37]
Another important result of
the Lesna Sobor was the decision, on November 17/30, to divide the parishes of
the ROCA-FROC in Russia into six dioceses with newly-defined boundaries.[38]
This ill-considered decision, as we shall see, was to elicit serious discontent
among the Russian clergy because of the threat it posed to the registration of
their churches. Bishop Valentine did not sign it probably because he was
already in hospital.
On the same day, still more
seriously, the Synod published an epistle declaring that the time has come to
seek living communion with all the parts of the One Russian Orthodox Church,
scattered by dint of historical circumstances. This serious compromise in the
confessing stance of the ROCA vis-à-vis the Moscow Patriarchate, with
which it quite clearly said that it wanted better relations[39],
was signed by Archbishop Lazarus but, again, not by Bishop Valentine. It was
later to be used by Archbishop Mark as an excuse for his treacherous relations
with the patriarchate.
The next day, in two
special ukazes, the ROCA confirmed Bishop Valentine as ruling hierarch
of the Suzdal diocese and recognized that the accusations of immorality which
had been hurled at him two years before, and which Archbishop Mark had insisted
on bringing before the Synod, although the canons forbade it, were completely
unfounded.[40]
On November 22 / December
5, having returned from hospital in Paris to the Lesna monastery, Bishop
Valentine wrote a letter to the Sobor once again explaining the serious
problems caused to the FROC by the canonical transgressions of the ROCA. And he
appealed to the ROCA bishops to relate to the FROC bishops in the same way that
the famous ROCA theologian Archbishop Averky had once (in 1971) recommended
that they relate to the Old Calendarist Greeks: Our interference must be
limited to giving the Greeks grace-filled bishops, and then we must leave them
to live independently.[41]
It was evident that, in spite of the restoration of communion with the ROCA,
Vladyka was still deeply worried by the intentions of the ROCA with regard to
the Russian dioceses a fear that was to prove to be more than justified
On January 12/25, 1995
there was a meeting of the bishops and clergy of the FROC in Suzdal to discuss
the results of the Lesna Sobor. Besides the Act, of particular concern to many
of the clergy was the fact that the redefining of the diocesan boundaries
proposed at the Sobor would involve the necessity of re-registration for very
many parishes. Since they had achieved registration only with the greatest difficulty
in the first place, they did not of course welcome this prospect. But more
importantly, it would very probably mean that they would be refused any
registration, since the Moscow Patriarchate representatives would insist that
changing names and diocesan boundaries was unacceptable. This in turn would
very likely mean that their churches would be handed over to the patriarchate.
Thus the Moscow Protopriest
Michael Ardov said: Concerning the church building which I occupy, I must say
that if I transfer to Vladyka Eutyches [to whom the ROCA had given the Moscow
and St. Petersburg dioceses], what will happen? The building is registered with
the Suzdal diocese. They tell us that we are in this building unlawfully, and
that we still have to secure its transfer to us. It is well know that [Moscow
Mayor] Luzhkov is categorically against our parish. They forced us to change
our parish rules sixteen times before registering it. Of course, I submit to
the Ukaz of the Hierarchical Synod, but I have a request for our
bishops: they must take into account that this is not Canada and not America,
but a different state, and we have different perspectives.[42]
Several other priests spoke
against re-registration for similar reasons.
Towards the end of the
meeting, Protopriest Andrew Osetrov posed the following question to Bishop
Eutyches: Which do you consider preferable for Russian believers the
Resolutions of the Hierarchical Synod and Sobor of the ROCA and its
First-Hierarch, or the Resolutions of the All-Russian Sobor of 1917-18 and the
holy Patriarch Tikhon?
Bishop Eutyches replied:
Preferable are the Resolutions of living hierarchs, and not dead ones. Even if
the Resolutions of the Synod of the ROCA will be uncanonical, for me this has
no significance, I must fulfil them.[43]
This summed up the
difference between the two sides. For the ROCA (and the Russian Bishops
Benjamin and Eutyches) obedience to the Synod was the ultimate value, more
important even than the holy canons which every bishops swears to uphold at his
consecration. For the FROC bishops, on the other hand, the authority of the
ROCA could not be placed higher than the objective good of their own flock,
which could be preserved only by faithfulness to the canons of the Seven Ecumenical
Councils and the highest authorities in the post-revolutionary Russian Church
the decisions of Patriarch Tikhon and the 1917-18 Council.
The next day, January
13/26, the seven FROC bishops met and decided to put off a final decision on the
thorny question of the territorial division of dioceses. When discussion passed
to the Act, Bishop Eutyches said that the Act had not been fulfilled by the
Russian bishops and refused to take any further part in the Conference. Later,
in a letter to Metropolitan Vitaly dated January 17/30, he wrote that Bishop
Benjamin, convinced that the meeting completely supported Bishop Valentine and
was hostile to the Church Abroad and himself personally, left the meeting [on
January 12/25]. I participated in the meeting to the end and was struck by the
general anti-ROCA mood of the hierarchs, priests, nuns and laymen.[44]
On January 14/27 the
Hierarchical Conference (excluding Bishops Eutyches and Benjamin) approved a
letter to the ROCA Synod, in which they wrote that the Act approved by the
Lesna Sobor was in extreme need of a series of substantial changes to the
points, and additions. Below we quote the Act, together with the comments of
the FROC bishops (in italics):
We, the Hierarchical
Synod of the ROCA, under the presidency of the First-Hierarch, His Eminence
Metropolitan Vitaly of Eastern America and New York, and the Most Reverend
Hierarchs: Archbishop Lazarus of Odessa and Tambov and Bishop Valentine of
Suzdal and Vladimir, taking upon ourselves full responsibility before God and
the All-Russian flock, and following the commandments of the One, Holy,
Catholic and Apostolic Church, in the name of peace and love, for the sake of
the salvation of our souls and the souls of our flock, declare the following:
1. We recognize our mutual
responsibility for the disturbances that have arisen in the Russian [Rossijskoj]
Church, but we consider that certain hasty actions of the Hierarchical Synod
cannot serve as justification for a schism in the Russian Church and the
establishment of the Temporary Higher Church Administration.
Comment by the FROC bishops: We definitely do not agree with the
definition of the actions of the Russian hierarchs as a schism, for these
actions were a forced measure aimed at guarding the canonical rights of the
Bishop in his diocese, and the created Temporary Higher Church Administration
was formed, not in spite of, but in accordance with the will and ukaz
no. 362 of the holy Patriarch Tikhon, at a time when the Hierarchical Synod of
the ROCA left the Russian hierarchs without any communications, directives,
holy Antimins or holy Chrismation.
If we recognize our mutual responsibility for the disturbances
that have arisen in the Russian Church, then it is our right to recognize
certain hasty actions of the Hierarchical Sobor and Synod as uncanonical and as
inflicting direct harm on the work of restoring true Orthodoxy in Russia, which
has served as the terminus a quo for [our] conditional administrative
separation and the formation of the Temporary Higher Church Administration.
The concrete intra-ecclesiastical situation has dictated such
a course of action on our part, but at the same time we have admitted that
administrative independence must in no
way automatically lead to canonical and eucharistic independence. Such communion
has not been broken by us, in spite of the one-sided decision of the
Hierarchical Synod of the ROCA.
2. We ask each others
forgiveness, so that from now on we should not reproach anybody for the actions
which lead to the division and the founding of the THCA.
Comment of the FROC bishops: It is not a matter of
reproaches but of the essence of the actions of both sides, which have led to
administrative division and the founding of the THCA. By examining each
concrete action, we would be able mutually to understand the depth of the
causes, and proceeding from that, calmly and without detriment, remove their
consequences in the present.
3. We consider the
organization of the THCA to be an unlawful act and abolish it.
Comment of the FROC bishops: The very formulation of this point
seems to us to be faulty in view of the final aim of our joint efforts.
4. We consider the
consecration of the three hierarchs: Theodore, Seraphim and Agathangelus, which
was carried out by their Graces Lazarus and Valentine, to be unlawful. Their
candidacies should be presented in the order that is obligatory for all
candidates for hierarchical rank accepted in the ROCA, and, if they turn out to
be worthy, then, after their confession of faith and acceptance of the
hierarchical oath, they will be confirmed in the hierarchical rank.
Comment of the FROC bishops: We do not agree at all that the
episcopal consecrations performed by us were not lawful. The obligatory order
for all candidates for hierarchical rank accepted in the ROCA could not be a
guide for us in our actions since at that time we were administratively
independent of the ROCA. If we approach this demand from a strictly formal
point of view, then the Hierarchical Synod should have asked us concerning our
agreement or disagreement with the new consecrations, especially the
consecration of his Grace Bishop Eutyches which was not done. In spite of
your limitation of our rights, we have recognized these consecrations and are
far from the thought of demanding a confession of faith and acceptance of the
hierarchical oath a second time, specially for us.
5. In the same way, all the other actions carried
out by Archbishop Lazarus and Bishop Valentine and the THCA organized by them
which exceeded the authority of the diocesan bishops, but belonged only to the
province of the Hierarchical Sobor and Hierarchical Synod of the ROCA, are to
be considered to be invalid.
Comment of the FROC bishops: Until the moment that we ceased to
be members of the ROCA, and the THCA was formed, all our actions and
suggestions were presented for discussion and confirmation by these higher
church instances. Having conditionally separated from the ROCA in
administrative matters, we were entitled to carry out these actions.
6. Archbishop Lazarus is
reinstated in the rights of a ruling hierarch with the title Archbishop of
Odessa and Tambov.
Comment of the FROC bishops: The formulation of this point
admits of an ambiguous interpretation and is therefore on principle
unacceptable for us. Judging objectively, his Grace Archbishop Lazarus did not
lose his rights as a ruling bishop, in spite of the ukaz of the
Hierarchical Synod concerning his retirement. The ukaz seems to us to be
canonically ill-founded, and therefore lacking force and unrealized. We suggest
the formulation: In view of the erroneous actions of the Hierarchical Synod of
the ROCA, Archbishop Lazarus is not to be considered as having been retired and
is recognized as having the rights of the ruling hierarch of his diocese with
the title (Archbishop of Tambov and Odessa).
7. Bishop Valentine will be restored to his rights
as the ruling hierarch of Suzdal and Vladimir after the removal of the
accusations against him on the basis of an investigation by a Spiritual Court
appointed by the present Hierarchical Sobor.
Comment of the FROC bishops: The given point is
excluded, in agreement with the Ukaz of the Hierarchical Synod.[45]
8. To bring order into
ecclesiastical matters on the territory of Russia a Hierarchical Conference of
the Russian Hierarchs is to be organized which does not encroach on the
fullness of ecclesiastical power, but which is in unquestioning submission to
the Hierarchical Sobor and the Hierarchical Synod of the ROCA. One of the
member of the Hierarchical Conference will be a member of the Synod, in
accordance with the decision of the Hierarchical Sobor.
Comment of the FROC bishops: It is suggested that this
formulation be changed, and consequently also the meaning of the eighth point:
The THCA does not encroach on the fullness of ecclesiastical power. In certain
exceptional situations it recognizes its spiritual and administrative submission
to the Hierarchical Sobor of the ROCA. One of the members of the Hierarchical
Conference will be a temporary, regular member of the Synod, in accordance with
the decision of the Hierarchical Sobor of the ROCA and the Hierarchical
Conference of the Russian Bishops.
9. After the signing of the Act it will be
published in all the organs of the church press, and in particular in those
publications in which their Graces Lazarus and Valentine published material
against the Hierarchical Sobor and Hierarchical Synod of the ROCA.
Comment of the FROC bishops: The formulation should be changed
as follows: After the signing of the Act it will be published in all the organs
of the church press, and in particular in those publications in which their Graces
Lazarus and Valentine published material explaining certain hasty actions of
the Hierarchical Synod and Sobor of the ROCA.[46]
Now on January 3, Bishop
Hilarion on behalf of the ROCA Synod had sent a respectfully worded invitation
to Bishops Theodore, Agathangelus and Seraphim to come to New York for the
February 9/22 session of the Synod and for the formalities of re-establishing
concelebration.[47] It is
significant that the Synod had also invited Bishop Eutyches, who was not a member of the Synod but not
Archbishop Lazarus, who was a member
of the Synod, as agreed at the Lesna Sobor.
When Bishops Theodore and
Agathangelus arrived in New York, they were listened to and on the next day, in
Bishop Agathangelus words, we were handed a Decree of the Hierarchical Synod
of the Synod of the ROCA, in which their Graces Lazarus and Valentine, and
also Bishops Theodore, Seraphim and I, were declared to be banned from serving.[48]
For Vladyka Theodore and me this was like a bolt from the blue
We were told
that the reason for this decision was our supposed non-fulfilment of the
conciliar Act, which had been signed by, among the other Hierarchs, their
Graces Lazarus and Valentine. The point was that the conference of Russian
Bishops which had been formed in agreement with this same Act had asked for
several formulations in the Act to be changed, so as not to introduce
disturbance into the ranks of the believers by the categorical nature of
certain points. This was a request, not a demand. But, however hard we tried,
we could not convince the Synod that none of the Russian Bishops was insisting
and that we were all ready to accept the Act in the form in which it had been
composed. We met with no understanding on the part of the members of the Synod.
Vladyka Theodore and I affirmed in writing that we accepted the text of the Act
in the form in which it had been composed and asked for a postponement in the
carrying out of the Decree until the position of all the absent Russian
Bishops on this question could be clarified. In general we agreed to make any
compromises if only the Decree were not put into effect, because in essence
it meant only one thing the final break between the Russian parishes and the
ROCA.
We gradually came to
understand that it was not any canonical transgression of the Russian Bishops
(there was none), nor any disagreement with the text of the conciliar Act, nor,
still less, any mythical avaricious aims that was the reason for the
composition of this document, which, without any trial or investigation, banned
the five Hierarchs from serving. It was the Hierarchical Conference of the
Russian Bishops, which had been established by the Council that took place in
Lesna monastery, that was the real reason giving birth to the Decree. The
Sobor of Hierarchs, moved in those days by Paschal joy (as Metropolitan
Vitaly repeated several times), finally came to create an organ of
administration in Russia which, if not independent, but subject to the Synod,
was nevertheless an organ of administration. When the Paschal joy had passed,
the Synodal Bishops suddenly realized: they had themselves reduced their own
power, insofar as, with their agreement, Hierarchs could meet in vast Russia
and discuss vital problems. Before that, the Church Abroad had not allowed
itself to behave like that. And it was this, unfortunately, that the foreign
Archpastors could not bear. On receiving for confirmation the protocols of the
first session of the Hierarchical Conference with concrete proposals to improve
Church life in Russia, the foreign Bishops were completely nonplussed.
Therefore a reason that did not in fact exist was thought up the supposed
non-fulfilment of the Act.
The members of the Synod,
exceeding their authority, since such decisions are in the competence of the
Sobor, decided, by means of canonical bans, to confirm their sole authority
over the whole of Russia both historical Russia and Russia abroad. The very
foundations of the Church Abroad as a part of the Russian Church living abroad
were trampled on, and the Synod on its own initiative ascribed to itself the
rights and prerogatives of the Local Russian Church.
It did not even ponder the
fact that, in banning at one time five Hierarchs, it was depriving more than
150 parishes that is many thousands of Orthodox people of archpastoral
care. Cancelling the labour of many years of Hierarchs, priests and conscious,
pious laymen in our Fatherland.
In Russia a very real war
is now being waged for human souls; every day is full of work. Depriving
Orthodox Christians of their pastors without any objective reason witnesses to
the haughtiness and lack of love towards our country and its people on the part
of the members of the Synod Abroad. We, the Orthodox from Russia, are called
common people by Metropolitan Vitaly (thank you, Vladyko Metropolitan!).
Vladyka Theodore and I
were promised that, in exchange for our treachery, we would be confirmed in our
hierarchical rank. And it was even proclaimed that we would be appointed to
foreign sees. For us personally, who were born and brought up in Russia, this
was very painful to hear
[49]
This act of blackmail we
recognize you if you accept a foreign see, but do not recognize you if you stay
in Russia exposed the complete lack of canonical justification in the acts of
the ROCA Synod. Let us recall that: (a) Bishops Theodore and Agathangelus had
just been formally recognized as canonical bishops, (b) they had agreed in
writing to fulfil all of the ROCA Synods conditions, including the signing of
the Act without any alterations, (c) they had not been accused of any canonical
transgressions, and (d) they had not been subjected to any investigation or
trial, as the canons demanded. Their only crime, it would appear, was that they
lived in Russia a novel charge against a bishop of the Russian Church!
On February 11/24 the ROCA
Synod issued an epistle which for the first time contained a semblance of
canonical justification in the form of a list of canons supposedly transgressed
by the five Russian bishops. Unfortunately, they clearly had no relevance to
the matter in hand. Thus what relevance could the 57th Canon of the
Council of Carthage On the Donatists and the children baptized by the
Donatists have to the bishops of the Free Russian Orthodox Church?![50]
On February 15/28, Bishop
Gregory (Grabbe) wrote to Bishop Valentine: I cannot fail to express my great
sorrow with regard to the recent Church events. Moreover, I wish to say to you
that I was glad to get to know Vladykas Theodore and Agathangelus better. They
think well and in an Orthodox manner. It is amazing that our foreign Bishops
should not have valued them and should have treated them so crudely in spite of
all the acts and the whole unifying tendency which was just expressed by
Metropolitan Vitaly at the last Sobor. The whole tragedy lies in the fact that
even the latter wanted to construct everything solely on foreign forces that do
not have the information necessary to decide problems which are strange and
unfamiliar to them. Therefore they do not want to offer this [task] to the new
forces that have arisen in Russia.
As a result, we are
presented with the complete liquidation of these healthy forces. This is a
great victory of the dark forces of our Soviet enemies of Orthodoxy in the
persons of the Moscow Patriarchate.
I am glad that you will
not give in to them, and I pray God that He help you to carry on the Orthodox
cause, apparently without the apostate forces of Orthodox Abroad
[51]
The next month Archbishop
Valentine recounted these events in a Lenten letter to his flock, and
continued: This second instance of
administrative pressure on the Russian Hierarchs, and, moreover, in such an
undisguisedly cunning form, when
flattering mentions and assurances of friendship and invitations came in the
name of the Synod of the ROCA, while in fact another attempt to usurp power over the Russian flock was
taking place, forces me to make certain clarifications.
On November 7/20, 1920 the
holy Patriarch Tikhon together with the Sacred Synod and the Higher
Ecclesiastical Council of the Russian Church passed the exceptionally important
Resolution no. 362 concerning the self-governing of Dioceses in the case of the
absence of a canonical Higher Church Administration or the impossibility of
communicating with it. On the basis of this Ukaz, Metropolitan Anthony
(Khrapovitsky) organized the Hierarchical Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church
Abroad. In Russia on the basis of this Ukaz there was organized the
Catacomb or Tikhonite Church under the leadership of its inspirer, the holy
New Martyr Metropolitan Joseph of Petrograd. In its time the Russian Orthodox
Church Abroad helped in the establishment of a lawful hierarchy in Russia,
consecrating to the Episcopate their Graces Lazarus, Valentine and Benjamin.
Instead of expanding the Church in the Homeland, there appeared the temptation
of ruling it from abroad, declaring itself the Central Church Authority,
which is what the Hierarchical Synod of the ROCA did in practice in April, 1994
(cf. Suzdalskij Palomnik, special issue, NN 18,19,20). But then a
declaration was made concerning the supposedly unlawful creation by the
Russian Hierarchs, on the basis of Ukaz no. 362, of a Temporary Higher
Church Administration, whereas the Ukaz no. 362 of Patriarch Tikhon of
November 7/20 said directly: The care for the organization of a Higher Church
authority
is the unfailing duty of the eldest according to rank of the
Hierarchs in the indicated group.
Intra-ecclesiastical
freedom and the dignities of the Bishops based on the Holy Canons do not permit
administrative arbitrariness and do not give the Hierarchical Synod of the ROCA
the right to the supreme administration of the Church. And our following of the
Canons and Ukaz no. 362, which was specially written for the Russian
Dioceses existing in identical conditions, cannot give an excuse to whoever it
may be to declare the Russian Hierarchs to be in some kind of schism. Having
neither reasons, nor lawful authority or canonical rights to ban the Russian
Hierarchs, the Chancellery of the Synod of the ROCA is only witnessing, in the
latest incident, to a deep crisis in
the administration of the ROCA itself, when the President of the Hierarchical
Synod Metropolitan Vitaly is not able to control the resolutions and ukazes
issuing from the Chancellery of the Synod. It is impossible to take the
documents signed by Vladyka Metropolitan Vitaly seriously when in the course of
less than a year their meaning has several times changed to the complete
opposite.[52] It is
impossible to believe that in the punitive actions of the Russian Hierarchs
that have now become quite usual there is contained love for Russia, about
which the hierarchs of the ROCA speak so eloquently. It is impossible to look
on with indifference as, instead of building up the Church in the
much-suffering Homeland, they incessantly divide territory, as a result of
which churches of the FROC fall into the hands of the Moscow Patriarchate.[53]
On February 27 / March 12,
1995 Archbishops Lazarus and Valentine and Bishops Theodore, Seraphim and
Agathangelus met in Suzdal and re-established the THCA which had been created
on March 5/18, 1994. Then they decided: To qualify the Decree of the
Hierarchical Sobor [sic Synod would have been more accurate] of the
ROCA of February 9/22 and the claims contained in it to leadership of the whole
Russian Church by the Hierarchical Synod and the First-Hierarch of the ROCA as
exceeding their authority and a transgression of the Holy Canons and the
Statute of the ROCA. In particular, the 8th Canon of the Third
Ecumenical Council has been transgressed, which declares: May the haughtiness
of secular power not creep in under the guise of sacred acts; and may we not
lose, little by little and without it being noticed, the freedom which our Lord
Jesus Christ, the Liberator of all men, has given us through His Blood. And so
it is pleasing to the Holy and Ecumenical Council that every Diocese should
preserve in purity and without oppression the rights that belonged to it from
the beginning
And if anyone should propose any resolution contrary to this,
let it be invalid.[54]
It is significant that it
was precisely this Canon that was quoted by Hieromartyr Joseph, Metropolitan of
Petrograd, when he laid the foundations for the Catacomb Church in January,
1928. And indeed, the arguments between the ROCA and the FROC increasingly came
to resemble the arguments between Metropolitan Sergius and the Catacomb Church,
on the one hand, and Sergius and the foreign bishops who separated from him, on
the other. The issue in 1928-30, as in 1995, was the question: who, if anyone,
had the power to create a central organ of Church administration having full patriarchal
power to rule over all the bishops of the Russian Church? Metropolitan Sergius
then, like Metropolitan Vitaly today, claimed that he had such power, and
proceeded to act with greater fierceness and disregard for the canons than any
real pope or patriarch. But the Catacomb bishops then, like the FROC bishops
today, claimed that since the death of the last canonical Patriarch and the
imprisonment of his locum tenens, Metropolitan Peter, there was no
alternative but to return to the decentralized form of Church administration
prescribed by the never-repealed Patriarchal ukaz no. 362.
According to the ukaz,
neighbouring bishops in identical
circumstances could voluntarily
unite into TCHAs and govern themselves as autonomous Churches until the convening
of the next canonical Sobor of the whole Russian Church. But (a) bishops living
in different States and separated by thousands of miles of ocean obviously do
not live in identical circumstances, and (b) no group of bishops or TCHA has
power over any other TCHA, nor can it claim to have rule over the whole Russian
Church, so that (c) full patriarchal power can belong only to the future Local
Council of the All-Russian Church and the organs elected by it. To these
restrictions must be added, for hierarchs of the ROCA, those detailed in its
still-unrepealed Statute, that is: (a) the ROCA is only a part of the Russian Church, like any other TCHA or autonomous group
of bishops, and certainly not its real centre,
as it has recently claimed; (b) its administrative powers extend only over the
Church Abroad, outside Russia; (c) it
must continue to commemorate the Episcopate of the Russian Church that is,
of the Church inside Russia; and (d)
even its powers over the Church Abroad are valid only until the fall of the
atheist power, when power returns to the Church inside Russia
[55]
Conclusion
Today, three and a half
years since the second schism between the ROCA and the FROC, the situation has
not changed in essence. Almost immediately after the events of February, 1995,
frightened by the threat of defrocking by the ROCA Synod, Archbishop Lazarus
and his vicar, Bishop Agathangelus, left the FROC and returned, repenting, to
the ROCA.[56] But what
has always, since 1990, been the core of the ROCA-FROC inside Russia, the
Suzdal diocese, has remained firm, and has in fact increased in strength.
In accordance with a
resolution of the Hierarchical Synod of the ROCA in 1996, the Hierarchical
Conference of the Russian Bishops was stripped of what little power it had: its
representation in the ROCA was annulled, and not one of the Russian bishops
entered into the ROCA Synod. At the same Council meeting Bishop Valentine was
defrocked. The FROC, naturally, refused to recognize this decision.[57]
The desertion of Archbishop Lazarus requires some comment. The
secret consecration of Fr. Lazarus (Zhurbenko) was the first major mistake of
the ROCA inside Russia. It was surprising in that the ROCA might have been
expected to consecrate, not the newly appeared Lazarus, but one of the fourteen
hieromonks who had been received under the omophorion of Metropolitan
Philaret on November 26 / December 7, 1977, after the death of their Catacomb
archpastor, Archbishop Anthony Galynsky-Mikhailovsky, in 1976. [58]
Moreover, there were other distinguished Catacomb pastors with links to the
ROCA, such as Fr. Michael Rozhdestvensky (+1988), who would have been eminently
suitable candidates for the episcopate.
Besides, the career of Fr. Lazarus himself had not been
without controversy. Although he had been reared in the Catacomb Church, and
had been in the camps, he had been refused ordination to the priesthood by
three Catacomb hierarchs, including Archbishop Anthony Galynsky-Mikhailovsky
all of whom he later accused, by a strange coincidence, of being uncanonical.
He then joined the Moscow Patriarchate and received ordination there from a
certain Bishop Benjamin of Irkutsk. Only a year later, he returned to the
Catacomb Church in Siberia, and was instrumental, according to some catacomb
sources, in sowing such suspicion against the Catacomb Bishop Theodosius
Bahmetev (+1986) that almost the whole of his flock deserted him.[59]
Some even accuse him of having betrayed Catacomb Christians to the KGB. Be that
as it may and such accusations are easily made, but much less easily proved
there can be no doubt that a large part of the Catacomb Church distrusted
Lazarus and refused to have anything to do with him. This was true both of the
moderates and the extremists in the Catacomb Church, both of the
Seraphimo-Gennadiite branch, led by Metropolitan Epiphany (Kaminsky)[60],
of the Matthewites led by Schema-Monk Epiphany (Chernov)[61],
and of the passportless branch represented by the Catacomb Archimandrite Gury
(Pavlov), who, when about to be consecrated to the episcopate in New York in
1990 by the ROCA, categorically refused when he heard that Lazarus was going to
be a co-consecrator.[62]
It was true also of Fr. Michael Rozhdestvensky. He was the
initiator of the complete rejection of the then priest Lazarus Zhurbenko
because of the latters departing to the MP for his ordination. At a meeting of
catacomb clergy in the city of Tambov in 1978, in the presence of the
still-flourishing Abbot P, Fr. Vissarion and others, Fr. Michael confirmed this
position. This decision was supported in those years by all without exception
of the catacomb clergy. But later, when Vladyka Barnabas was searching for a
worthy candidate for consecration to the rank of Bishop of the Catacomb Church,
Fr. Lazarus (then already a hieromonk) craftily suggested the widowed Fr.
Michael and himself was called to invite him to be consecrated to the
episcopate. On receiving the invitation with the signature of Hieromonk Lazarus
(Zhurbenko), Fr. Michael Rozhdestvensky, naturally, did not go. Vladyka
Barnabas was left with neither a choice nor time, and he was forced to
consecrate Hieromonk Lazarus to the episcopate. Fr. Michaels position in
relation to Vladyka Lazarus remained unchanging to the very end of his life [in
1988].[63]
But not only did the ROCA consecrate Fr. Lazarus instead of
eminently more suitable candidates such as Fr. Michael: they used his testimony
as their sole guide to the canonicity or otherwise of the other Catacomb
bishops in Russia. Thus on May 5/18, 1990 the ROCA Synod reversed the previous
decision of the Synod under Metropolitan Philaret to recognize Archbishop
Anthony-Mikhailovsky and his ordinations, and told the priests ordained by him
to regulate their canonical position by turning towards his Grace Bishop
Lazarus of Tambov and Morshansk. Again, on August 2/15, 1990 another Ukaz
was distributed (but not published in the Church press) which rejected the
canonicity both of the Seraphimo-Gennadiite and the Galynskyite branches of
the Catacomb Church, causing widespread havoc in both. Thus one
Seraphimo-Gennadiite priest from Moscow took off his cross, saying that he
was not a priest according to the ROCA and went to Bishop Lazarus to be
reordained. His flock, suddenly abandoned, scattered in different directions.[64]
The main accusation against the hierarchs of these branches
was that they could not prove their apostolic succession by producing
ordination certificates, as required by the 33rd Apostolic Canon.
This was, of course, a serious deficiency; but in view of both groups
favourable attitude towards the ROCA, it would seem to have been more
reasonable and charitable to have talked with them directly, learned their
history and their point of view on the problem, and discussed with them some
way of correcting this deficiency without resorting to the punitive measures of
a papal curia. And such a charitable, unifying attitude to the various Catacomb
groups had been urged alas, without success - by Bishop Gregory (Grabbe).
As Archbishop Hilarion
has recently admitted to the present writer: The statement which I signed as
Deputy Secretary of the Synod was based entirely on the information given to us
by Archbishop Lazarus. He reported to the Synod on the different groups of the
Catacombs and convinced the members of the Synod (or the Council I dont
recall offhand which) that their canonicity was questionable and in some
instances their purity of doctrine as well (e.g. imyabozhniki). The Synod
members hoped (naively) that this would convince the catacomb groups to rethink
their position and seek from the Russian Church Abroad correction of their
orders to guarantee apostolic succession. We now see that it was a mistake to
issue the statement and to have based our understanding of the catacomb
situation wholly on the information provided by Vl. Lazarus. I personally
regret this whole matter very much and seek to have a better understanding of
and a sincere openness towards the long-suffering confessors of the Russian Catacombs.[65]
So Bishop Lazarus used the authority of the ROCA to take his
revenge on Catacomb bishops who had displeased him and to have himself exalted
above the Russian flock in their place.[66]
He was therefore the first instrument - and the first beneficiary - of the
ROCAs policy of divide and rule towards the Catacomb Church. As such, he
could not afford to break his links with the Synod that had promoted him, and
ran back to it with his tail between his legs.
But his return to the ROCA has not meant better times for his
flock in the Ukraine. Thus Hieromonk Hilarion (Goncharenko), in a petition for
transfer from the ROCA to the FROC, wrote: Vladyka Lazarus together with the
Synod Abroad has cunningly and finally destroyed the whole Church in the
Ukraine. My former friends and brothers in the Lord have.. turned to me with
tearful sobs and the painful question: 'What are we to do now in the stormy and
destructive situation that has been created?[67]
Similar disturbances have taken place in other dioceses of the
ROCA inside Russia. Thus Bishop Eutyches has been accused of serious dogmatical
errors related to ecumenism.[68]
Thus the ROCA, which had a golden opportunity to gather all
the anti-MP Catacomb Church forces under its wing in the early 1990s, only
succeeded in creating further divisions and weakening the witness of the True
Church. The good it did by consecrating such good pastors as Bishop Valentine
was almost outweighed by the harm it did by undermining Bishop Valentine and
the Suzdal diocese, by consecrating hirelings and wolves who only brought
division to the flock of Christ, and by in general acting like foreign
dictators reminiscent of the MP hierarchs. Experienced Catacomb Christians soon
discerned the signs, and fled from the spirit of sergianism (and ecumenism) in
the ROCA as they had fled from it in the MP.
It has been left to the FROC to take up the burden which the
ROCA has failed to carry. Thus it is she, rather than the ROCA, which is now
gathering the Catacomb Christians under her wing - but without issuing bans
against those groups which do not recognize her authority. In accordance with
the Patriarchal Ukaz, she has sought friendly relations with, but not
administrative rule over, the other truly Orthodox groups in Russia in the
spirit of love that must characterize all relationships within the Church. She
claims neither to be the one and only Russian Church, nor to be the
administrative centre of the Russian Church. But she has pledged to work
towards the convening of that future canonical Local Council of the Russian
Church which she, like the ROCA in previous decades, recognizes to be the
highest authority in the Church and the only competent judge of the actions of
all her constituent parts.
What are the prospects of reunion between the FROC and the
ROCA? In the present writers opinion, this can only take place under one or
other of two possible conditions:-
1. A complete change of heart in the ROCA Synod towards the FROC and
repentance for its past canonical transgressions, involving: (a)
fitting punishment of those who have wrought such havoc in Russia in recent
years, especially Archbishop Mark of Berlin; (b) the removal of all bans on the
FROC bishops; (c) the recognition of the FROCs autonomy in accordance with the
Patriarchal Ukaz.
Such a change of heart looks unlikely in view of the events of
recent years, when the ascendancy of Archbishop Mark over the ROCA Synod has
become more and more marked. His shameful negotiations with KGB Agent
Drozdov, i.e. Patriarch Alexis Ridiger, in December, 1996, and his part in
forcing Metropolitan Vitaly to expel the confessors of Hebron and Jerusalem and
apologize before the PLO President Arafat in July, 1997, have shocked the
Orthodox world. In the Sobor of May, 1998, after Mark had been removed from the
Synod by the First-Hierarch, a golden opportunity presented itself to have this
evil genius of the Russian Church finally removed from power; but the
opportunity was lost.
And so the ROCAs drift
towards unity with the MP continues unabated; having rid itself of the Soviet
filth of the FROC, the majority of its bishops are now hypocritically ready to
unite with the Mother Church of the Soviet MP. Indeed, having renounced the
great majority of the truly confessing Christians in Russia, it is only logical
that the ROCA should seek an alliance with the other side, perhaps on the basis
of an autonomous status for the ROCA within the Moscow Patriarchate. After all,
Church life does not stand still, but continually moves between the poles of
good and evil, life and death; so that a movement away from one pole inevitably
involves a movement closer to the other pole
In view of this there
remains the other possibility: 2. A
schism in the ROCA allowing the right-thinking Christians in it both inside
Russia and abroad, to separate from their Sovietizing hierarchs and be reunited
with the confessing Christians of other Russian Church jurisdictions.
Already there are many members of the ROCA inside Russia who sympathize with,
and by no means reject, their brothers in the FROC. Both they and the FROC are
suffering persecution from the MP; both they and the FROC have suffered the
effects of the ROCAs maladministration and (in the case of certain hierarchs)
outright treachery. It is only logical, therefore, that these two groups,
having an identical faith and being in identical conditions (to use the
language of the Patriarchal Ukaz), should reunite when the time is right that
is, when the complete failure of the ROCAs mission inside Russia becomes
evident to all.
But there must be no
forcing, no exertion of power at the expense of love. That is the primary
lesson of these tragic years since the fall of Soviet power. Lest little by
little and without it being noticed, we lose the freedom which our Lord Jesus
Christ, the Liberator of all men, has given us through His Blood
September
26 / October 9, 1998.
Repose
of St. John the Theologian.
NB: By
November, 2000, the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church had eight bishops, six
in Russia, one in the Ukraine and one in Latvia, with about 150 above-ground
parishes and 300 catacomb parishes.
APPENDIX 1: LETTER OF BISHOP GREGORY GRABBE TO METROPOLITAN VITALY
Most Reverend Vladyko!
For a very long time now
in fact, since the first days of your leadership of our Church Abroad I have
with great anxiety and turmoil of heart been tracing how quickly she has begun
to slide into the abyss of administrative disorder and canonical chaos.
All this time I have
suppressed within myself the desire to express openly to you my anxiety for the
destinies of our Church Abroad, mainly out of worry that every utterance of
mine will be taken by you as an expression of personal offence.
Believe me, Vladyko,
although I could not fail to have the feeling of a certain chagrin in relation
to member of the Council and you personally, by the mercy of God I have
nourished no unfriendly feelings towards anyone. As you yourself know, I have
by all means tried, and I am still trying, in the first place to be ruled by
the interests of our Church, both abroad and in Russia.
I very much beseech you
patiently to listen to my observations concerning the years when I ceased to be
secretary of the Synod. Although I no longer bear any formal responsibility for
the later destinies of our Church, I cannot look with indifference at what is
now happening before my eyes.
Our woes began with the
first Hierarchical Council to take place after the death of Metropolitan
Philaret
.
In order to illustrate the
relationship of the members of the Council of that time to myself, please
recall the speech made at the banquet on the occasion of your election. Then
Protopriest Ioann Legky, as he then was, in greeting you, said that he was glad
that in my person you would have such an experienced and faithful assistant as
had had your three predecessors.
To my extreme surprise, in
looking through the protocols at the end of the Council, I saw that his speech
had been received as an insult to the whole Hierarchical Council. This
amazing resolution remained in the protocol as an instruction to posterity.
At this time you suggested
that I keep the parishes in my jurisdiction and add to them some more from
Pennsylvania. In accordance with your direction, I then composed a list of the
parishes which should enter my diocese. But when I arrived at the session, you
detained my report on this matter and sharply attacked me for my bankruptcy
as an administrator and in effect gave me an ultimatum: either I myself had to
put in an application for retirement, or I would be judged by the Council,
although it was not known what for. Seeing that both you and the majority of
the members of the Council were seeking an opportunity to drive me out of your
midst, I made a declaration about my retirement for the sake of ecclesiastical
peace, although I felt absolutely no guilt that would have merited a trial or
dismissal. It was said that the reason for the Council members dissatisfaction
was my unskilful administration of affairs in Rome, although at that time I had
completely supported the opinion of the person sent there as investigator,
Archbishop Anthony of Los Angeles.
Only the reposed Archbishop
Seraphim of Chicago, in spite of being ill with the illness that led to his
death, wrote you a decisive protest against my illegal dismissal from the see
of Washington and Florida.
At the same Council there
was an unexpected declaration that Archbishop Laurus had been appointed as
Secretary of the Synod, and Bishop Hilarion as his Deputy. This change in
Secretary did not figure on the Councils agenda. I myself had to point out to
the Council that in appointing whoever it may be to a post, one must first make
that post free from the other person occupying it. I immediately announced my
retirement. However, I could not fail to be worried by the fact which the
members of the Council did not want to take into consideration that the new
Secretary of the Synod would be living 200 kilometres from the Chancellery,
while his deputy was a man completely inexperienced in chancellery procedures.
This my very hasty removal
from the post of Secretary of the Synod (although it was called different
things at different times) after 55 years of service to the Church Abroad must
have demonstrated to our enemies that a revolution had taken place among us,
which would undoubtedly be badly reflected on the prestige of the Synod. I
myself had to point this out to you in my concern for preserving the dignity of
the Synod at the given time. Apparently you yourself felt a certain awkwardness
at that time, and you expressed your gratitude to me in a laconical way. It is
also worthy of note that I was treated like a guilty chamber-maid precisely in
the year in which the Council resolved triumphantly to celebrate the 50th
anniversary of the death of Metropolitan Anthony [Khrapovitsky]. The Council
completely ignored the fact that I was not only appointed to work in the Synod
by the personal desire of the Metropolitan, but also that I was one of his
closest and most trusted co-workers.
In view of this, my
daughter [Matushka Anastasia Georgievna Shatilova] refused the responsibilities
of Record-Keeper of the Chancellery. For the last four decades she had been my
unofficial secretary and closest co-worker. She already had enormous experience
of work in ecclesiastical administration. In unconditionally accepting her
resignation, you thereby deprived the Synodal Chancellery of its main worker.
With my and her departure,
the Department of External Relations of the Synod was immediately closed. This
Department had been acquiring a greater and greater significance in the eyes of
the other Orthodox Churches. Reprints from the Newsheet that it published had
already begun to appear in the official organs of some local Churches. This was
a fresh blow at the prestige of the Synod.
On the disorganisation of
our Chancellery I can judge from a series of signs. Thus I was sent from Russia
copies of your letters to Archbishop Lazarus and Bishop Valentine. First, I
very soon managed to find out that these documents were unknown to both
Secretaries of the Synod, to whom I handed over these copies. Moreover, the
very subject of these letters, by the delicacy of their content, demanded their
presentation by you for discussion in the Hierarchical Synod. But it turned out
that the letters were not only dispatched without the knowledge of the
Secretaries, but also had a whole series of other defects which quite clearly
demonstrated the bankruptcy of your personal Chancellery. Although Russian
notepaper was available, the letters to Russia were sent on English notepaper;
they not only had no numbers, but even no dates. In the letter to Archbishop
Lazarus there was no indication of whom it was being sent to, while Bishop
Valentines title was incomplete. Finally, the very text of the letters was by
no means brilliant grammatically and stylistically. Moreover, it also emerged
(which is especially terrible) that at the bottom of both letters was not your
signature in your own hand, but a facsimile!
The Synodal House ceased to
exist as the centre of our administration. The sessions of the Synods and
Councils were usually arranged in any place, only not in the Synodal House.
Besides, you are rarely in New York, Vladyka Hilarion is often away, and the
Chancellery in his absence does not function in our former centre there is
often not a single responsible person capable of giving correct information, or
of understanding what to do with information received from outside. Often the
responsible person turns out to be the telephonist on duty at the time.
There have been many
complaints against your secretary on the part of clergy visiting the Synod,
mainly because of her crudeness and unwelcomingness. I know of cases when she
refused to connect you by telephone even with Bishops. I personally have more
than once been in such a situation. However, in refusing to connect me with
you, she was polite to me. But her often provocative behaviour has drawn
censure also on you personally, for much is said and done by her in your name.
The Synodal cathedral,
which was always famous for its well-ordered and very majestic cathedral
services, has for a long time now not had even one permanent priest. Vladyka
Hilarion tries to fulfil the role of such a priest as well as he can. But
people who turn to the Synod for the carrying out of needs in his absence are
often refused in a less than polite manner.
The constantly changing
priests in the cathedral read Church Slavonic with evident difficulty, making
mistakes even in often-repeated Saturday Gospels.
Things are no better in the
Eastern American diocese. I have often had to hear the complaints of our priests
about the fact that since the time you became the head of this diocese there
has not been a single diocesan Congress, in spite of the fact that at pastoral
congresses you have been asked insistently about this by the father rectors.
Many priests feel that you have abandoned this diocese when they learn that
there have been diocesan congresses in Canada.
Some have begun to be
concerned at the danger of losing the guarantee of keeping their parish
property. Thus the property of the Eastern American diocese and of the parish
at Glen Cove attached to it has suddenly been declared to be the property of
the Hierarchical Synod. For a long time now the Synod has been aiming to close
down this parish, and to sell the dioceses property for its own profit.
As regards our affairs in
Russia, you yourself know how many reports I have made on this issue. Not once
have I received any kind of reaction, neither from you personally, nor from the
Synod Chancellery.
I was particularly
distressed by the ban you imposed on me in March preventing me from personally
presenting my report to the Synod and from taking part in the deliberations on
its contents. This is a completely unprecedented case in the history of the
Church Abroad. I do not know of a single case in which a Bishop was refused the
right of publishing his report to the Synod.
The actuality of my report
has been confirmed by the events that took place one after the other in Russia.
A correctly ordered administration should anticipate events, and not simply
react to them hastily, which is quite obviously what is happening now. As a
result we have brought the matter of the possible regeneration of the Church in
Russia to the most undesirable of ends.
Spurred on by envy and
spite, certain of our Bishops have influenced the whole course of our Church
politics in Russia. As a consequence of this, our Synod has not understood the
meaning of the existence of our mission abroad.
As I warned the Synod in my
last report, we have done absolutely everything possible to force the Russian
Bishops to separate from us administratively.
They have had to proceed
from Resolution No. 362 of Patriarch Tikhon of November 7/20, 1920, so as to
prevent the final destruction of the just-beginning regeneration of the Russian
Church in our Fatherland. But our Synod, having nothing before its eyes except
punitive tactics, has proceeded only from the positions of normalised
ecclesiastical life. But the Patriarchs Resolution had in mind the
preservation of ecclesiastical construction in completely unprecedented
historical and ecclesiastical circumstances.
The ukaz was
composed for various cases, including the means of restoring the Church
Administration in conditions when it had even ceased to be (cf. article 9) and
the extreme disorganisation of Church life. This is the task placed before
any surviving hierarch, provided only that he truly Orthodox.
The Russian Hierarchs felt
themselves to be in this position when, for almost two years in a row, their
enquiries and requests to receive support against the oppression of the Moscow
Patriarchate were met with complete silence on the part of our Synod.
Seeing the canonical chaos
caused in their dioceses by Bishop Barnabas, and the silent connivance towards
him of the Synod, the Russian Hierarchs came to the conclusion that they had no
other way of preventing the destruction of the whole enterprise than by being
ruled by the patriarchal Resolution No. 362.
Our Synod unlawfully pushed
Bishop Valentine into retirement for accepting the huge parish in Noginsk,
which Bishop Barnabas hoped to receive for himself, but did not react in any
way when the same Bishop Barnabas treacherously shamed the Synod by petitioning
to be received into communion with a Ukrainian self-consecrator in the name of
the Synod!
I do not know whether you
have read the full text of the Resolution of November 7/20 at a session of the
Synod. I myself earlier paid little attention to it, but now, on reading it
through, I see that the Russian Bishops have every right to refer to it, and
this fact will be revealed in the polemic that will now inevitably develop. I
fear that the Synod has already opened the way to this undesirable polemic by
its decisions, and it will betoken a schism not only in Russia, but also with
us here
There are things which
cannot be stopped, and it is also impossible to walk away from an accomplished
fact. If our Synod does not now correctly evaluate the passing historical
moment, then its already infinitely undermined prestige (especially in Russia)
will be finally and ingloriously destroyed.
For all the years of the
existence of the Church Abroad we have enjoyed respect and glory for nothing
else than for our uncompromising faithfulness to the canons. They hated us, but
they did not dare not to respect us. But now we have shown the whole Orthodox
world that the canons are for us just an empty sound and we have become a
laughing-stock in the eyes of all those who have any kind of relationship to
Church questions.
Look: you yourself, at the
Council in Lesna, permitted yourself to say that for us, the participants in
it, this was not now the time to examine canons, but we had to act quickly.
You, holding the tiller of the ecclesiastical ship, triumphantly, in front of
the whole Council, declared to us that now we had to hasten to sail without a
rudder and without sails. At that time your words appalled me, but I, knowing
of your irritation towards me because I insist that we have to live in
accordance with the canons, still hoped that all was not lost and that our
Bishops would somehow shake off the whole nightmare of these last years.
Think, Vladyko, of the tens
of thousands of Orthodox people we have deceived both abroad and in Russia.
Dont calm yourself with the thought that if there is some guilt somewhere,
then it lies equally on all our hierarchs. The main guilt will lie on you, as
the leader of our Council. I have had to hear from some Bishops that sometimes
the Synod decrees one thing, and then you, taking no account of previous
resolutions, on your own initiative either change them or simply rescind them.
And look now, as has
already become quite well known, after the stormy March session of the Synod,
it dispersed without making a single resolution. During it the question was
discussed of banning the Russian Hierarchs from serving. Nevertheless, you
demanded that the Secretariat that it send of an ukaz banning bishops
who were not even under investigation. Both from the point of view of the 34th
Apostolic canon, and from an ecclesiastical-administrative point of view, this
is unprecedented lawlessness.
Remember, Vladyko, your
reproachful speech against Metropolitan Philaret, when in 1985 you for ten
minutes non-stop fulminated against him for transgressing the 34th
Apostolic canon. The crimes of Metropolitan Philaret seem to me to be miniscule
by comparison with what is happening now. He only occasionally gave awards to
clergy of other dioceses at the request of his cell-attendant, but never
interfered in the affairs of the dioceses of his brothers. But that is what
both you personally and certain of our Bishops have begun to do. Fr. Nikita was
not able to get the reposed Metropolitan Philaret to commit those uncanonical
acts in which the activity of Bishop Barnabas and certain other bishops abound
with the silent agreement of you as the First Hierarch, who must know all
these circumstances well.
Forgive me, Vladyko, if my
letter grieves you. My aim is not, and never has been, to wound or offend you.
In going through the results of your rule in recent years in chronological
order
my aim was by no means to complain about my own fate. You of course must
know that I have not once expressed any offence or complaint of a personal
character. I write this letter only in order to show you clearly how we have
come off the canonical rails since 1985, we have more and more begun to depart
from the basic ecclesiastical canons and rulers of our Local Church and now we have
reduced all our affairs in Russia and abroad to the saddest condition.
I was a witness of, and
participant in, the glorious period in the life of the Church Abroad, and now
with pain I look on what I consider to be what is already its inglorious end.
The growth of our parishes
abroad has ceased since the death of Metropolitan Philaret. We have no
candidates to fill the hierarchical sees, which witnesses to the fact that we
are gradually becoming smaller. And now at this portentous moment we are simply
renouncing the link with Russia that was established with such labour.
Our Synod must understand
that we by our actions have elicited the speedy administrative departure from
us of the Russian Hierarchs. It had to happen one way or another on the basis
of the Resolution of Patriarch Tikhon of November 7/20, 1920 and of our own
Statute concerning the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad. If we do not now
understand this, then we only demonstrate before the whole world our bankruptcy
and our failure to understand the whole historic mission laid upon us by the
Providence of God.
In their resolution of
March 22 the Russian Hierarchs declared that they remained in communion of
prayer with us and commemorated you in the Divine services, but we, instead of
understanding the unprecedented state of ecclesiastical affairs in Russia, and
not thinking about building up the Church or of the tens of thousands of people
deceived by us reply to everything only with canons which were meant to be
used in normal conditions.
It is absolutely necessary
for you sharply and decisively to turn the rudder of our administration in the
direction of keeping the canons, before it is too late.
Vladyko, do not allow your
name in the history of the Russian Church to be linked, not with the peaceful
construction of Church life, but with its abrupt and shameful destruction both
in Russia and abroad.
March 24 / April
6, 1994
APPENDIX 2. ON
RECENT EVENTS IN CHURCH LIFE IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD
(The Independent Opinion of
Bishop Gregory (Grabbe))
The conciliar decrees on
the matter of the Russian bishops that have come to me cannot fail to elicit
perplexity in all those who have any acquaintance at all with the canons of the
Russian Orthodox Church.
The very fact that Bishops Theodore and Agathangelus were
summoned, without the slightest qualifications, to a session of the Synod
witnesses to the recognition of their hierarchical consecrations. This is
especially obvious if we remember the joyful declarations of the President of
the Council [in Lesna, in December, 1994] concerning the decrees that had
previously been accepted opening the way to a peaceful resolution of all the
problems of the Church Administration in Russia. Bishops Theodore and
Agathangelus came to the session of the Synod on the basis of precisely this
understanding of their status. However, completely unexpectedly for us, the
Synod raised the question, not even of whether their episcopate should be
doubted, but of banning them from serving with the threat of defrocking five
out of the seven Russian Bishops, which, if the Bishops from Russia had entered
the ranks of the Church Abroad should have been carried out in the definite
legal procedure laid out in the Statute of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad.
But we should not forget that one of the especially important legal principles
of the above-mentioned Statute was that all its rules had in mind only the
affairs of the Church Abroad, but by no means the affairs of the Church in
Russia. In the whole Statute there is not one word about entrusting the
Hierarchical Synod or its President with authority over the Church in Russia.
Of course, this does not exclude help for the Church in Russia. However,
there is a great difference between help and jurisdiction.
If we turn to the decree of his Holiness Patriarch Tikhon of
November 7/20, 1920, there hierarchs are allowed to render help in the forming
of a temporary Administration in Russia, but not to assume for themselves
ecclesiastical authority over the whole of Russia. It was this kind of help
that the Church Abroad rendered when she consecrated Bishops for Russia,
because of the communists annihilation of the whole lawful Russian hierarchy.
That was enough for a beginning.
When local parishes began to appear, together with local
legislation concerning them, a series of completely new questions arose. With
the growth in the number of parishes in the conditions of competition with the
Moscow Patriarchate that had betrayed the truth, problems began to arise that
were not always comprehensible for the [bishops] abroad. The administration
abroad, not being sufficiently acquainted with all the aspects of Church life
in Russia, as often as not was silent, but from time to time took upon itself
the labour of issuing decrees for the Church in Russia. Besides this, the Synod
Abroad, submitting to the promptings of conscious provocateurs, burned with
distrust for the Russian Bishops, while at the same time having no other
candidates for archpastoral service. Hence a series of mistakes, and as a
result, with the aid of the enemies of the Church, the relations between the
Russian hierarchy and the Hierarchical Synod became extremely complicated.
Finally, we see the Resolution of the Synod dated February
9.22 of this year, which simply abolishes the missionary gains in Russia,
handing over all the open.. parishes that have not taken part in the missionary
work to the hierarchy, and even to Vladyka Metropolitan, who has not once been
in Russia.
Glory to God, our
Russian Bishops remain faithful to the principles of the preservation of
Orthodoxy that have guided them in their missionary work. If our Bishops abroad
also preserve faithfulness to these principles, then the two parts of the
Russian Church can again be united. The erroneous bans on Archbishops Lazarus
and Valentine and their vicars cannot be carried out, for they were issued in
violation of all the canons of the Holy Orthodox Church and her holy Canons,
including the Statute on the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad.
No hierarch who understands his responsibility can take part
in the dissolution of the Church discipline that has been formed in the course
of past years, substituting anarchy for the order ordained for the regeneration
of the Russian Church by the Holy Patriarch Tikhon.
February 20 /
March 4, 1995.
APPENDIX 3. EPISTLE OF THE TEMPORARY HIGHER CHURCH
ADMINISTRATION
OF THE RUSSIAN (ROSSIJSKOJ) ORTHODOX CHURCH
TO THE FLOCK BELOVED OF GOD
Beloved in Christ Jesus
Fathers, Brothers and Sisters, Children of the persecuted and tormented Russian
Church!
The Russian Orthodox Church
is living through a harsh time, constricted now not by bloody persecutors, but
by false brethren, who imitate Orthodoxy and call themselves the Russian
Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, the supposed successor of the
Church of his Holiness Patriarch Tikhon. Its main aim is to deceive, if it
were possible, even the elect (Matthew 24.24), so that there should be
forever lost in our poor Fatherland the feeling of truth and the right
understanding of what the Church really
is. The gaze of the majority of Russian (rossijskikh) people,
deprived in the course of seventy years of the opportunity of confessing the
true faith and acquiring the first principles of Orthodox teaching, is directed
at externals, at the superficial content of this heretical and traitrous organization. Its influence has now
embraced a significant part not only of the Russian (rossijskogo)
people, which has lost the foundations of its statehood and nationality, but
also a large part of the other peoples of the earth, their views of life and
social structures, which gives us the right to speak of it as an institution of
the Antichrist[69], who is
striving by his speedy coming to take the place of Christ in the hearts and
minds of the whole human race.
We must admit that the work
of Judas has had great success in recent years. Witness to this is the
departure from the Holy Canons of almost all the Local Orthodox Churches of
the world, and the presence of an extensive net of informants and agents,
thanks to which no event in the life of these Churches that have fallen under
the influence of the source of world evil is free from control by the
God-fighting powers, if they are not directly inspired by them.
Now the turn has come to
the last citadel of undamaged Orthodoxy in the free world the Russian
Orthodox Church Abroad, now headed by his Eminence Metropolitan VITALY
(Ustinov). Unfortunately, Vladyka Metropolitan, having fallen with age under
others influence, is no longer the leader of the Hierarchical Synod of the
ROCA, but only formally occupies this post. As usually happens, the enemy of
the human race delivers his main blow at the weak place in human administration.
Deceived and confused, Vladyka Metropolitan fears to change place, fears to go
to Russia, and in his own residence fears that he may be poisoned, killed, etc.
Meanwhile, a group of
opponents of the commandment of Christ on love, transgressors of the Holy
Canons and Resolutions of the Holy Fathers, having united with their
pro-patriarchal supporters in the ROCA itself, are in fact leading the matter
to a rapprochement with the Moscow Patriarchate, taking into their hands
the reins of the Church administration. These so-called zealots of undamaged
Orthodoxy, a part of whom are without doubt agents of the MP, have been joined
by well-wishers in Russia. In their number is (the recently consecrated) Bishop
Eutyches, who, at the 5th Conference of clergy in Suzdal, spoke
about the Holy Canons as of something secondary by comparison with the opinion
of the living hierarchs of the ROCA who were in agreement with him.
We must admit that the
successes of the dark powers that have been trying finally to destroy undamaged
Orthodoxy, have been very great. But this is no reason for the faithful
children of the Church of Christ to become despondent or to cease to struggle
against these evil forces. The hierarch Ignaty Brianchaninov wrote: The apostasy is allowed by God: do not try
to stop it with your powerless hand. Keep away, guard yourself from it: and
this will be enough from you. Get to know the spirit of the time, study it, so
as to avoid its influence as far as possible.
Thus it turns out that the
Russian [Rossijskaya] Church, having received the re-establishment of
its episcopate several years ago from the hands of foreign hierarchs, and
thereby acquired the opportunity to develop independently and freely from
sergianism and the other sins of the Moscow Patriarchate, is now suffering the
most real persecution from these same hierarchs. Moreover, if in the past
faithfulness to the Holy Canons was raised in the Church Abroad to the level of
primary importance and was the unfailing condition of the choice and
realization of the enterprises of Church life, now, some three or four years
later, almost every action of the ROCA Synod is a crude trampling on the Holy
Canons and on the Statute of the ROCA itself, which declares in its first
paragraph that the ROCA is a part
of the Russian [Rossijskoj] Church, temporarily governing itself until
the removal from Russia of the atheist Soviet power.
As if without noticing
this, the Synod of the ROCA now imposes its will on the Russian believers
instead of giving an account, in an atmosphere of love, agreement and respect
for the persecutions they have undergone in Russia, to the Orthodox people
the hierarchs, pastors and simple believers who do not recognize the schismatic
Moscow Patriarchate. It would be good if the will of the Chancellery of the
ROCA Synod were really the will of all the hierarchs of Russia Abroad, a will
in agreement with the Canons of the Holy Apostles and Fathers of the Church!
But nothing of the sort. The far from canonical decisions of three or four
hierarchs take the place of the Sobors decisions and resolutions, and,
published and distributed through Russia by agents of the MP, they sow
division, distrust and enmity in our much-suffering Fatherland.
To our great misfortune and
shame, it has already become a habit for the ROCA Synod to deprive bishops of
their sees, ban or defrock several Hierarchs at once, not only without trial or
investigation, but even without any reason, simply on the basis of slander.
They can see better from beyond the ocean!, as Vladyka Metropolitan Vitaly
expressed it. All this, without any doubt, is one of the greatest achievements
of the secret antichristian forces in recent times.
More and more threats are
piled on the Russian Hierarchs, Archbishops Lazarus and Valentine, and Bishops
Theodore, Seraphim, Agathangelus, Alexander, Victor and Arsenius, by the
Hierarchical Synod of the ROCA, by false brothers of the Moscow Patriarchate
and by bold enemies of Orthodox teaching. Making use of the ambiguity of the
situation, the Moscow Patriarchate, with the help of the authorities, is
striving to take away the churches of the Russian [Rossijskoj] Orthodox
Church, the Church of God that is free from sergianism, and inspire believing
people with the thought that the Hierarchical rank of the Russian Hierarchs is
invalid.
It is especially
distressing to see that one part of the believers is submitting to this
propaganda and is taking steps to embrace the heretical sergianists and
transgressors of the Holy Canons. They are taking a step into the abyss of
hell, from where weeping and gnashing of teeth (Matthew 8.12) are
heard.
The most recent Resolution
of the Hierarchical Synod of the ROCA forces us once more to remind people of
the power of the bans placed by the canons for these transgressions, of which
that part of the hierarchs of the ROCA which has ascribed itself the right to
speak and act in the name of the whole Church Abroad, is now guilty.
1. If a Bishop receives church servers banned by
another bishop as members of his clergy, let him be expelled as a teacher of
lawlessness (16th Apostolic Canon).
2. Let a Bishop who dares to carry out an ordination
beyond the bounds of his Diocese without the agreement of the Diocese in which
the ordination takes place, be defrocked, together with those ordained by him
(35th Apostolic Canon).
3. If a Bishop teaches publicly in a city that does not
belong to him, let him be removed from the episcopate and do the works of the
priesthood (20th Canon of the 6th Ecumenical Council).
4. Let no Bishop dare to move from one Diocese to
another. If he decides to carry out Church affairs that do not belong to him,
then let everything he has done be invalid and let him be punished for his
lawlessness and foolhardy undertakings by speedy defrockment from his rank by
the holy council (13th Canon of Antioch; 59th Canon of
Carthage).
The Canons demand that
every Diocese should preserve in purity and without oppression the rights that
belonged to it from the beginning, and if
anyone suggests anything contrary to this, let it be invalid (8th
Canon of the 3rd Ecumenical Council; 9th Canon of
Antioch; 64th and 67th Canons of Carthage). It is
precisely these Canons that FORBID the ROCA Synod FROM
MAKING ANY ATTEMPT TO RULE the Russian Orthodox Church and call
itself the HIGHER CHURCH AUTHORITY!
We call on all the faithful
children of the Church of God to firmly remember the covenants of the holy
Fathers of the Church and not to give in to any attempts to persuade them, from
whatever quarter these may come, to carry out the affairs of Church life in
violation of the Holy Canons. Any resolutions of the Hierarchical Synod or of
the Moscow Patriarchate which are aimed at interfering in the affairs of the
Russian [Rossijskoj] Orthodox Church in the Homeland, are not to be
recognized or carried out.
Dear in the Lord Children
of the Orthodox Church of God, who remain faithful to the Holy Canons and
covenants of the Hierarch Tikhon, Patriarch and Confessor of Moscow and All
Russia and of the Holy New Martyrs of Russia! We call on you to cleanse
yourselves from sergianism and the other sins of the Moscow Patriarchate that
have penetrated the Russian Church Abroad. We have no right to interfere in the
affairs of the Dioceses Abroad, but it is painful for us to see how this part
of the Russian Church, which preserved, throughout all the decades of atheism
in the Homeland, in persecution and dispersion, the light of the Orthodox
Faith, is now being subjected to humiliation and mockery according to the will
of those who are guilty of the present division, and whose leader is the devil.
May the Lord preserve us all.
With much love,
ADMINISTERING THE AFFAIRS OF
THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH
PRESIDENT OF THE TEMPORARY
HIGHER CHURCH AUTHORITY
+Valentine, Archbishop of
Suzdal and Vladimir
CONSTANT MEMBERS OF THE
TEMPORARY HIGHER CHURCH AUTHORITY
Theodore, Bishop of
Borisovsk
Seraphim, Bishop of Sukhumi
and Abkahzia.
October, 1995.
Suzdal. [70]
APPENDIX 4.
AN ANATHEMA AGAINST THE SERGIANISTS
On the Sunday of Orthodoxy, 1999, the Synod of the FROC (now
officially called the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church) declared: A
resolution was passed concerning the hierarchs and representatives of the clergy
of the Moscow Patriarchate who received their rank through the mediation of the
authorities and organs of State Security. In relation to such it was decided
that every year on the Sunday of Orthodoxy ANATHEMA should be proclaimed, using
the following text: If any bishops, making use of secular bosses
[nachalnikov], have seized power in the Church of God and enslaved Her, let
those and those who aid them and those who communicate with them without paying
heed to the reproaches of the Law of God, be ANATHEMA.[71]
APPENDIX 5.
EPISTLE OF THE HIERARCHICAL SYNOD OF THE RUSSIAN (ROSSIJSKOJ) ORTHODOX CHURCH
TO THE HIERARCHICAL COUNCIL OF THE RUSSIAN (RUSSKOJ) ORTHODOX CHURCH ABROAD
21 August / September 3,
2000. No. 70.
Your Eminence, honourable
Archpastors members of the Hierarchical Council, and also clergy and children
and of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad!
The Hierarchical Council of
the Church Abroad opens at a time when, on the one hand, the whole world is
being shaken by events, each more terrible than the one before catastrophes,
elemental disasters, wars
On the other hand, the whole world is seized by a
certain fever for unification: this is observable not only in the political
life of the world, but also in its religious life. On the one hand, endless
disputes, on the other a haste to unify everyone and everything: states with
states, churches with churches, religions with religions
The fever for unification
that embraces the earthly globe manifests itself in various external forms
sometimes political, sometimes economic, and sometimes also in an
ecclesiastical-ecumenical form but its profound essence remains unchangingly
the same
. And in this the zealots of unification place definite hopes on the
hierarchs of the ROCA.
But can the Orthodox Church
surrender to this spirit of the times that Church which is unshakably built
on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ Himself being the
chief cornerstone (Ephesians 2.20)?
Moreover, brethren, I
declare to you the gospel which I preached to you, which also you received and
in which you stand, by which also you are saved, says the holy Apostle Paul in
his Epistle to the Corinthians (I Corinthians 15.1-2). In another
epistle, to the Galatians, he says: But even if we, or an angel from heaven,
preach any other gospel that what we have preached to you, let him be accursed
(Galatians 1.8). But to those who have preserved the holy gospel there
is the promise of being comforted
by the mutual faith both of you and of me
(Romans 1.12).
If we open the Acts of the
Holy Ecumenical Councils, we see that the holy builders of the Church struggled
for nothing more than for the preservation and support in its unchanging form
of the faith of the fathers. We pray you that you keep the faith of the
fathers unchanged. We beseech you to investigate the novelty that has been
introduced against the former faith this is how the zealots of the Orthodox
Faith addressed the Holy Councils. And, having investigated the novelty, and
rejected the innovations, and confirmed the Dogmas of Orthodoxy unshaken, the
Holy Fathers exclaimed: Yes, this is the faith of the fathers! This is how we
all believe!
If we open the works of the
Russian teachers of the faith that are closer to us, we see the same care first
of all for keeping the patristic teaching unchanged. Human teachings all
strive for that which is new, they grow, they develop
Thus is has become a
law: forward, forward! But in regard to our faith it was said from on high: stand
remain unmoved. All that remains for us to do is to be confirmed and to
confirm others, appealed the noted holy hierarch of the Vladimir lands
Theophan, the Vishensky recluse.
We have to look over all that has passed in
order to see whether the order of teachings that was outlined for us has in any
way been disturbed. (On Orthodoxy with warnings against sins against it, Sermons
of Bishop Theophan, Moscow, 1991. From his sermons to the flocks of Tambov
and Vladimir).
In 1918 he who restrains
was taken away and this had fateful consequences not only for Russia, but
also for the whole world. Already within two years of the murder of the holy
Martyr Tsar Nicholas II, in 1920, the Constantinopolitan Patriarchate in the
person of the Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal Throne, Metropolitan
Dorotheus of Prussa, issued an encyclical which encroached on the very
foundations of Orthodoxy. Heretical communities that have been separated by the
Orthodox Church from Her communion were declared to be churches having equal
rights with her, and Orthodoxy was given the aim of the speediest possible
unification with all the apostates.
In contrast to this
treacherous document, which marked the beginning of the global apostasy of
World Orthodoxy, in the same year of 1920 the holy Patriarch Tikhon together
with the Holy Synod and the Higher Church Council that is, undoubtedly with
the whole fullness of the Central Ecclesiastical authorities of the Russian
Church made a most important resolution, Ukaz no. 362 of 7/20 November, 1920, on the
self-definition of dioceses in conditions of possible persecution. The other
name for this Ukaz the Ukaz on decentralization underlines the fact
that the aim of the resolution of the Russian Ecclesiastical Authorities was contradictory
to the aim of the encyclical of the Ecumenical throne, which called for the
centralization of all confessions of faith.
From now on the broad path
and all conditions for unification were created only for the unfaithful: but
for those faithful to Christ a violent disunion lay in store: the two parts of
the Russian Church were disunited: the one found itself exiled from its native
land, while the other was driven into the catacombs by persecutions
unprecedented in their ferocity. But in these terrible years the Church of
Russia did not cease to constitute one spiritual whole.
The force enabling both
parts of the Russian Church to hold out and preserve Their unity in all
temptations, especially in the approaching most terrible period the epoch of
the sergianist schism was their unanimous confession of the faith of the
fathers.
Schism is not
antiquity, but novelty, pointed out Theophan the Recluse. This remarkable
definition has a universal character and allows always accurately to establish
the one who is truly guilty of schism.
By his treacherous
Declaration of 1927 Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) opened wide the gates
of the Church for renovationism. It consisted in the undermining of the very
meaning of the existence of the Church on earth not as the pillar and ground
of the truth and of eternal Authority, but as the weapon of earthly power.
Both parts of the Russian
Church the part in Russia, and the part Abroad were completely unanimous in
their attitude to the Declaration of 1927. The Hierarchical Synod of the Church
Abroad, headed by his Beatitude Metropolitan Anthony, broke communion with the
schismatic metropolitan and his synod. The bishops in the homeland that were
faithful to the Russian Church did the same. The essence of the sergianist
schism was very accurately expressed by New Martyr Bishop Victor (Ostrovidov),
when he called Sergius an anti-ecclesiastical heretic. The faithful
children of the Russian Church did not visit the sergianist churches, they
justly made no distinction between sergianists and renovationists. We
shall not go to renovationism, said the Orthodox. Communications were lost
with Metropolitan Peter (Polyansky), the lawful head of the Russian Church, who
was in prison, and the treachery of his Deputy forced the Church, both in the
Homeland and abroad, to be ruled in its canonical existence by Ukaz no. 362 of
the holy Patriarch Tikhon concerning the self-definition of dioceses. With the
death of Metropolitan Peter (Polyansky), the Central or Supreme Authority of
the Russian Church ceased even its nominal existence. Such an eventuality was
foreseen by Ukaz no. 362, which contained detailed recommendations for the
ordering of the Church which would avoid schism in this event. But through the
efforts of Metropolitan Sergius, a dual authority was introduced, and then a
false patriarchate (a common phenomenon, alas, in Church history during the
periods when heresy was dominant).
From now on the Russian
Church trod its path in the conditions of the absence of Central (Supreme)
Ecclesiastical Authority. When the last Orthodox churches were closed in Russia
in the 1930s, the Russian Church finally departed into the catacombs,
preserving communion in prayer with Her half that was abroad and commemorating
Her First Hierarchs Metropolitans Anthony, Anastasy and Philaret. Following the
spirit and aim of the Ukaz no. 362 of the holy Patriarch Tikhon of 7/20
November, 1920 kept the Orthodox Church reliably free of false strivings for unification.
This was not the case with
the sergianist church it grew strongly into what is now commonly called
official world orthodoxy. The latter was also ruled by a document of 1920,
but the document of an opposite tendency the ecumenical encyclical of the Locum
Tenens of the Ecumenical Throne Dorotheus. World Orthodoxy became an
inalienable part of the ecumenical movement and dragged the sergianist church
after it into the abyss. Into the gates opened by Metropolitan Sergius there
now poured without the slightest resistance the false teachings by which the
enemy of human salvation has, in the course of the whole of his struggle with
the Church, and especially in the 20th century, undermined the
teaching of Christ.
The sergianist church
accepted all the most destructive innovations of the 20th century
both communism, and ecumenism, by which it clearly marked its complete
attachment to the most terrible schism that has ever tormented the Universal
Church.
If Metropolitan Sergius, as
the holy new martyrs pointed out, had distorted the dogmatic face of the
Church, then under his successors we must speak no longer of distortion, but
of a complete overthrow of the Holy Dogmas, and first of all of the Dogma of
the Church as being one and only one. In consequence of this trampling on the
Holy Dogmas there appeared crying violations of the Holy Canons for example,
the categorical ban on joint prayers with the heterodox under threat of being
deprived of ones rank and expelled from the Church.
Is it necessary to cite
examples of the excesses of the ecumenists, which are the more blasphemous in
that they have been committed in the name of Christ? In 1983 those abroad had
the opportunity of seeing on television the raising of a pagan idol by
delegates of the Fourth Assembly of the World Council of Churches in Vancouver,
among whom were representatives of the Moscow Patriarchate, while in Russia the
Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate in its account of this ecumenical Assembly
was not ashamed to mention this hideous act in the most positive terms.
After the ecumenical
Assembly in Vancouver the Russian Church Abroad, headed by the holy Hierarch
Philaret, in its Council in Mansonville in 1983 delivered ecumenism to
anathema.
With the fall of the iron curtain, there finally appeared the
opportunity for the forcibly divided parts of the Russian Orthodox Church to
unite. But it turned out that in the years that had passed since the death of
the holy Hierarch Philaret (1985), too much had changed in the Church Abroad
and a significant part of Her was now under threat of falling under their own
anathema.
The concelebrations of
clergy and even bishops of the Church Abroad with the clergy and episcopate of
the ecumenist Orthodox Churches which was to have ceased after the
Mansonville council of 1983 again became a commonplace phenomenon. The
concelebrations of the majority of the hierarchs of the Church Abroad, not to
speak of the other clergy, with the clergy of the ecumenical Serbian
patriarchate became a real scourge. And these concelebrations took place in
spite of the fact that this patriarchate almost exceeded the Soviet sergianists
in ecumenical enthusiasm, while her relationships with her local communists was
just as submissive as was that of her Soviet sister. These concelebrations
have not ceased even now, after the recent epistle of the Serbian patriarch to
his Muscovite brother, in which he affirms that his patriarchate no longer has
communion in prayer with the ROCA.
It was also with a heavy
feeling of perplexity that we observed the hasty proclamation, in the
Hierarchical Council of the ROCA that took place in 1994, that the ecclesiology
of Metropolitan Cyprian of Fili and Orope was identical to the ecclesiology of
the Church Abroad. We cannot accept as Orthodox the basic position of this
ecclesiology that the saving grace of the sacraments can supposedly be
guaranteed to abide in heretical communities, albeit only up to their conciliar
condemnation. One of the Greek metropolitans with his followers calls the
hierarchs of World Orthodoxy the sick members of one and the same Body of
Christ His True Church. One branch is healthy, the other sick. We understand
that the ecclesiological resolution of the Council of 1994 is a natural step
further downwards after the Nativity Epistle of 1986, which was distributed
under the signature of Metropolitan Vitaly, in which the meaning of the
anathema against ecumenism accepted in 1983 was restricted, against all logic,
to members of our Church (that is, the Church Abroad) as if an anathema
applies, not to a heretic, but to a jurisdiction! But we also saw, and we see
to the present day, that there are enough people in the Church Abroad who
understand the whole destructiveness of the resolutions, and that these people
are trying to correct the mistake of the Hierarchical Council in 1994.
But of course that which we
perceive with the greatest heaviness is the ever-increasing tendency of the
Church Abroad towards union with the Moscow Patriarchate. It is worthy of note
that the very possibility of negotiations with her was sanctioned in principle
by the same Council of the ROCA in 1994 which recognized the crypto-ecumenist
ecclesiology of Metropolitan Cyprian.
At a time when the Moscow
Patriarchate was preoccupied with unity with the Catholics (the Balamand unia
of 1993 this document has not been disavowed: on the contrary, certain of its
positions have been widely realized in life) and with the Monophysites (the
Chambesy union of 1990; within the bounds of the programme outlined in it the
Moscow Patriarchate is now getting very close to the Armenian monophysite
church), certain hierarchs of the Church Abroad have been insistently seeking
to get closer to the Moscow Patriarchate even in spite of the fact that the
patriarchate takes less and less account of the very existence of the Church
Abroad, exappropriating her property now not only in Russia, but also abroad.
This has delivered a huge blow to the dignity of the Church Abroad and Her
hierarchy even in the eyes of outsiders. But still sadder is the fact that
this witnesses to the apostasy of part of the hierarchs of the ROCA from the
path bequeathed to Her by the first-hierarchs Metropolitans Anthony, Anastasy
and Philaret that is, to their apostasy from Orthodoxy.
If the other, healthy part
of the ROCA does not find within itself the strength to halt the strivings of
the apostates, then the final degeneration of the ROCA into a false ecclesiastical
organization and Her subsequent dissolution in the ecumenical great and
spacious sea (Psalm 103.27) of World Orthodoxy will become a burning
question in the nearest future.
In Russia the stand-off
between the Church Abroad and World Orthodoxy in the person of the MP has
taken a particularly acute form, and therefore the Russian parishes of the ROCA
did not have the possibility of waiting many years until the hierarchs abroad
re-established Church discipline and were again established on the path of the
holy Hierarch Philaret. This was the cause of the break in eucharistic
communion between the Russian [Rossijskoj] Orthodox Church and the
Hierarchical Synod of the ROCA which took place in 1995. Unfortunately, our
actions at that time did not meet with understanding on the part of the
clerical leadership of the ROCA, which, contrary to the spirit and the letter
of Ukaz no. 362 and its own evident inability to restrain the tendencies
towards apostasy from the faith in the dioceses abroad, began to insist on his
own full right to realize supreme ecclesiastical authority in Russia.
The five years that have
passed since then have shown whether or not we were right in our fears.
Our position remains:
faithfulness to the dogmas and holy canons of the Orthodox Church and,
moreover, the preservation of the Orthodox Faith without contamination from the
ecumenical filth of World Orthodoxy and its organic part the Moscow
Patriarchate. It was on this path that Her ever-memorable first-hierarch, the
holy Philaret, left the Russian Church Abroad for us, his successors, and this
position of ours is similar to that of the majority of Old Calendarist Greek
hierarchs and their flock. We have no separate claims in relation to the
Moscow Patriarchate: it is no more than a part of the global and now already
ecumenical sergianism, which with the same zeal that Metropolitan Sergius once
served Stalin now serves the New World Order and the coming unification of
everyone and everything. It is in no way worse or better than some Serbian or
Constantinopolitan patriarchate. With all these ecumenical jurisdictions the
Russian Orthodox Church broke canonical communion under the holy Hierarch
Philaret.
If you, your Graces,
honourable Archbishops, clergy and laymen, choose to return to the faith of the
fathers the holy fathers of Universal Orthodoxy and the fathers of our Church
Abroad then we shall be together again. Unity of canonical communion will be
quickly restored between us, as soon as unity of faith is restored.
But if it is not if
within the Church Abroad there is not found the strength to stop Her slide into
the quagmire of World Orthodoxy, then the end is inevitable: the Moscow
Patriarchate will suck up into itself her remains scattered around the world,
and the muddy waters of ecumenism will close above Her head forever.
May this not be!
The means of salvation are
the same for all times: to hear and to carry out, amidst the wavering, unstable
elements of the world, the everlasting voice of the true Mother Church uttered
from on high: As you have believed in that stand and be saved (I
Corinthians 15.1).
+ Valentine, Archbishop of
Suzdal and Vladimir,
President of the
Hierarchical Synod of the Russian [Rossijskoj] Orthodox Church
+ Theodore, Bishop
Borisovskoye and Sanino
+ Seraphim, Bishop of
Sukhumi and Abkhazia
+ Victor, Bishop of
Daugavpilis and Latvia
+ Hilarion, Bishop of
Sukhodolsk
+ Anthony, Bishop of Yaransk
Protopriest Andrew Osetrov,
Secretary of the Hierarchical Synod
[1] This correspondence was published in the German Russian-language journal Posev (September, 1979, pp. 50-51) and was therefore well known to the KGB, who, it is argued, oversaw this whole process and secret consecration. Archbishop Anthony was the most liberal and pro-MP of the ROCA bishops at that time. His continued communion with ecumenists led to many communities in Western Europe leaving the ROCA, and to the break between the ROCA and the Matthewite Old Calendarists in 1976.
[2] "Zayavlenie Arkhiereiskago Sinoda Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Tserkvi Zagranitsej", Pravoslavnaya Rus', no. 18 (1423), September 15/28, 1990, p. 6.
[3] In 1993 Bishop Lazarus clergy asked the ROCA: We ask you to clearly answer the question: does the ROCA confess that the Catacomb Church is her sister, as she often did earlier, and if she does, then on what basis does the ROCA interfere in the inner affairs of the Catacomb Church? (Suzdalskij Palomnik, NN 18-20, 1994, p. 134). A good question, but one which should also have been posed to Bishop Lazarus himself, since his own consecration was the first concrete interference of the ROCA in the life of the Catacomb Church, and he could have refused to have anything to do with it.
[4] Matushka Anastasia Shatilova writes: The ordination papers (including the certificate) for Archim. Lazarus Zhurbenko were signed by: Metropolitan Philaret, Archbishop Vitaly, Archbishop Anthony of Geneva (though whom the appeal was sent) and Bishop Gregory as Secretary to the Synod. The fifth person to know of this case was I, because I typed all the documentation (personal communication, September 19 / October 3, 2000).
[5] Vladyka Valentin razskazyvayet, Pravoslavnaya Rus, N 17 (1446), September 1/14, 1991, pp. 9-10.
[6] Fr. Stefan Krasovitsky, Torzhestva v Suzdalye, Pravoslavnaya Rus, N 15 (1420), August 1/14, 1990, p. 3.
[7] Vladyka Lazar otvyechayet na voprosy redaktsii, Pravoslavnaya Rus, N 22 (1451), November 15.28, 1991, p. 6.
[8] Pryamoj Put, special issue; Vladyka Valentin vernulsa iz Ameriki, Pravoslavnaya Rus, N 3 (1456), February 1/14, 1992, p. 14. Italics mine (V.M.).
[9] Pryamoj Put, January, 1992, p. 5; Nyezavisimaya gazeta, January 18, 1992.
[10] Pryamoj Put, January, 1992, pp. 3-4; Pryamoj Put, March, 1992, pp. 3-4.
[11] Suzdalskij Palomnik, NN 18-20, pp. 63-64.
[12] Pravoslavnaya Rus, N 17 (1470), September 1/14, 1992, p. 12
[13] Pravoslavnaya Rus, N 18 (1471), September 15/28, 1992, p. 11.
[14] Sergius Bychkov, Voskreseniye mifa, Moskovskiye Novosti, March 7, 1993; Ukazaniye Protoiereyu Viktoru Potapovu, February 4/17, 1993 (no. 11/35/39). The official publications of the ROCA shed little light on this about-turn, saying only that the Synod reviewed and changed certain of its decisions of December 12, 1992 (Tserkovnaya Zhizn, NN 1-2, January-February, 1993, p. 3).
[15] Emergency report to the ROCA Synod, May 16/29, 1993, Suzdalskij Palomnik, 18-20, 1994, p. 92. In a later report to the Synod (June 9/22, 1993, Suzdalskij Palomnik, NN 18-10, 1994, pp. 94-95), Bishop Gregory, after enumerating Bishop Barnabas transgressions, appealed that he be brought to trial.
[16] Bishop Valentines phrase was: such disturbance and division of the flock as the atheists and the MP could only dream about (Suzdalskij Palomnik, 18-20, 1994, p. 5).
[17] Protocol no. 8, April 30 / May 13, 1993.
[18] Istoki Rossijskoj Pravoslavnoj Svobodnoj Tserkvi, Suzdal, 1997, pp. 19-20.
[19] Quoted in Suzdalskij Palomnik, NN 18-20, pp. 108, 109.
[20] Bishop Valentines accuser turned out to be Alexander R. Shtilmark, an assistant of the Pamyat leader, Demetrius Vasilyev. His motivation was clear. Later, several of Shtilmarks relatives witnessed to his mental unbalance. In spite of this, and Bishop Valentines repeated protests of his innocence (which appear not to have reached Metropolitan Vitaly) the ROCA, in the persons of Archbishop Mark and Bishop Hilarion continued to drag this matter out for another two years (Reports of Bishop Gregory (Grabbe), Suzdalskij Palomnik, NN 18-20, 1994, pp. 123, 126).
[21] Suzdalskij Palomnik, 18-20, 1994, pp. 89-90.
[22] There were objective grounds for such a suspicion. Thus the protocols of this Council for June 9/22 record: Hieromonk Vladimir, superior of the Borisovsk church, says that three months before the Session of the Hierarchical Council, his relative said that he should abandon the Suzdal Diocese since they were going to retire Bishop Valentine at the Session of the Sobor in France. She knew this from a party worker linked with the KGB. And three years later he learned that this question had indeed been discussed. He is interested to know how it happened that the GB realized its intention in real life? (Suzdalskij Palomnik, 23, 1995, p. 54; letter to the author by Hieromonk Vladimir (Ovchinnikov) of June 23 / July 6, 1993).
[23] Suzdalskij Palomnik, 18-20, 1994, p. 121; letter to the author by Hieromonk Vladimir, op. cit.
[24] Suzdalskij Palomnik, NN 18-20, 1994, pp. 128-129, 130.
[25] Later, on June 26 / July 8, 1994, Bishop Barnabas was forbidden from travelling to Russia for five years (Tserkovnaya Zhizn, NN 3-4, May-August, 1994, p. 5).
[26] Tserkovnaya Zhizn, NN 5-6, September-December, 1993, pp. 7, 9.
[27] Suzdalskij Palomnik, NN 18-20, 1994, pp. 159-160.
[28] Suzdalskij Palomnik, NN 18-20, pp. 168-169.
[29] Tserkovnaya Zhizn, NN 1-2, January-April, 1994, pp. 14-16; Suzdalskij Palomnik, NN 18-20, 1994, pp. 196-198.
[30] Suzdalskij Palomnik, NN 18-20, 1994, pp. 198, 200-201.
[31] Tserkovnaya Zhizn, NN 3-4, May-August, 1994, pp. 60-65.
[32] Bishop Gregory, Pisma, Moscow, 1998, pp. 123-125; Suzdalskij Palomnik, 23, 1995, pp. 21-23.
[33] Suzdalskij Palomnik, NN 18-20, 1994, p. 149.
[34] Tserkovnaya Zhizn, NN 5-6, September-December, 1994, p. 13.
[35] A severely truncated version of this Act was published in Tserkovnaya Zhizn (NN 5-6, September-December, 1994, pp. 13-14), but the whole Act has never, to the present authors knowledge, been published in the ROCA press, in spite of the decision to do so in all organs of the church press (point 9 of the Act, see below). In fact, Bishop Valentine reported that the ROCA chancellery had told him that the Act would not be published (Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 22, 1995, p. 12).
[36] This account is based Archbishop Valentines own words to the present writer, together with his letter to the Suzdal Council dated January 11/24, 1995 (Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 22, 1995, pp. 6-10).
[37] Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 22, 1995, p. 12.
[38] Tserkovnaya Zhizn, NN5-6, September-December, 1994, p. 16; Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 21, 1995, pp. 44-46.
[39] Tserkovnaya Zhizn, NN 5-6, September-December, 1994, p. 10; Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 21, 1995, p. 49.
[40] Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 21, 1995, pp. 42, 43.
[41] Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 21, 1995, p. 32.
[42] Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 22, 1995, p. 12.
[43] Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 22, 1995, pp. 15-16.
[44] Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 23, 1995, p. 15.
[45] This refers to the ukaz dated November 18 / December 1, 1994, quoted above, which reinstated Vladyka Valentine as Bishop of Suzdal and Vladimir. It should be pointed out that Vladyka Valentine had been raised to the rank of archbishop by the THCA in the previous year.
[46] The comments of the FROC were published in Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 22, 1995, pp. 26-27.
[47] Suzdalskij Palomnik, 23, 1995, pp. 32-33.
[48] This Decree, dated February 9/22, also stated that the Odessa-Tambov and Suzdal-Vladimir dioceses were declared widowed (a term used only if the ruling bishop has died) and were to be submitted temporarily to Metropolitan Vitaly. See Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 23, 1995, p. 31; Tserkovniye Novosti, N 1A (43), February, 1995, p. 3.
[49] Witness of February 15/28, 1995, Suzdalskij Palomnik, 23, 1995, pp. 35-36.
[50] Tserkovniye Novosti, N 1A (43), February, 1995, p. 5.
[51] Suzdalskij Palomnik, 23, 1995, p. 34.
[52] Vladyka was probably thinking of the incident, a little less than a year before, when Archbishop Anthony of Los Angeles declared that in its session of February 21-24 the Hierarchical Synod had banned both Archbishop Lazarus and Bishop Valentine from serving at the same time that Metropolitan Vitaly was writing to Bishop Valentine that he was in no wise banned from serving (Suzdalskij Palomnik, 21, 1995, pp. 28-29).
[53] Suzdalskij Palomnik, 22, 1995, pp. 30-31; Tserkovniye Novosti, N 1A (43), February, 1995, pp. 7-8.
[54] Suzdalskij Palomnik, N 23, 1995, p. 42.
[55] As Protopriest Andrew Osetrov writes: The Church Abroad should either transfer its Administration to Russia and no longer call it the Synod of the ROCA (the more so in that one can enter and leave the Homeland now without hindrance), or, if the hierarchs of the ROCA do not want to return to the Homeland, they must recognize their Church administration to be subject to the administration of the Church in the Homeland (Suzdalskij Blagovest, N 3, January-February, 1997, p. 3).
[56] Tserkovnaya Zhizn', NN 3-4, May-August, 1995, pp. 3-4.
[57] Suzdalskij Blagovest, N 3, January-February, 1997, p. 3.
[58] The full text of this resolution was as follows: There were discussions on the question of the fourteen clerics accepted into communion of prayer from the Catacomb Church who submitted their petitions to the Hierarchical Synod through Archimandrite Michael of the monastery of St. Panteleimon on the Holy Mountain, which were received on November 26 / December 7, 1977. At that time the Hierarchical Synod of the ROCA in its session of November 26 / December 7, 1977 accepted the following resolution:
Trusting the witness of the fourteen priests that their reposed leader Archbishop Anthony (Galynsky) was correctly consecrated to the episcopate, and carried out his service secretly from the civil authorities, it has been decided to accept them into communion of prayer, having informed them that they can carry out all those sacred actions which priests can carry out according to the Church canons, and also giving the monastic clerics the right to carry out monastic tonsures. They are to be informed of this in the same way as their address was received.
The following priests were accepted into communion: Hieromonks Michael, Raphael, Nicholas, Nicholas, Nathaniel, Epiphanius, Michael and Sergius, and Abbots Barsonuphius and Nicholas,
[59] E. A. Petrova, op. cit.
[60] See his (unpublished) letter to Metropolitan Vitaly, November 21 / December 4, 1992.
[61] V.K., Kratkij ocherk ekkleziologicheskikh i yurisdiktsionnykh sporov v grecheskoj starostilnoj tserkvi, St. Petersburg: Izdaniye Vestnika I.P.Ts. Russkoye Pravoslaviye, 1998, pp. 30-31.
[62] He died on Christmas Day, 1995/96. See Vozdvizheniye, N 2 (15), February, 1996; "A Biography of Archimandrite Gury", The True Vine, vol. 3, no. 3 (1992).
[63] Kritika zhurnala Vosvrashcheniye, Tserkovniye Novosti, N 11 (67), November-December, 1997, p. 10.
[64] Personal testimony of the present writer.
[65] E-mail message, 15 July, 1998. For more on Bishop Lazarus and Archbishop Anthony, see I vrata adovy nye odoleyut Yeyo, Suzdalskiye Eparkhialniye Vedomosti, N 3, January-February, 1998, pp. 17-18.
[66] Some years ago, Archbishop Lazarus insisted on renaming his Odessa diocese the True Orthodox Catacomb Church, thereby laying claim to being the sole heir of the historic Catacomb Church and implicitly separating himself from both the ROCA and the FROC.
[67] Suzdalskij Blagovest, N 3, January-February, 1997, p. 3.
[68] Suzdalskij Blagovest, N 3, January-February, 1997, p. 3; Stupenchatij protsess apostasii v Russkoj Zarubezhnoj Tserkvi, Russkoye Pravoslaviye, N 4 (4), 1996, pp. 8-10.
[69] This phrase institution of the Antichrist was applied by Patriarch Tikhon to the heretical Living Church of the renovationists, which his Holiness anathematized and denounced as graceless on July 2/15, 1923. See Lev Regelson, Tragediya Russkoj Tserkvi, 1917-1945, Paris: YMCA Press, 1977, p. 313. The clear implication here is that the present-day Moscow Patriarchate is the same kind of organization as the Living Church or rather, its direct successor.
[70] Suzdalskij Palomnik, 27, 1996, pp. 1-4.
[71] Suzdalskiye Eparkhialniye Vedomosti, N 7, March-May, 1999, p. 3 Ž.
